ASCE 16 95:1995 Edition

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AF&PA/ASCE Standard 16 Standard for Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Engineered Wood Construction

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASCE	1995	152

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Description

This first Standard for Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Engineered Wood Constructionn was prepared as a joint activity between the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Forest & Paper Association (AF & PA) to provide design provisions based on reliability theory. This standard was the result of deliberations of a team of structural engineers and wood material scientists with wide experience and high professional standing. The team included professionals from private practice, industry, government, and universities. By reflecting this current state of knowledge, the LRFD Standardn offers uniform practice in the design of engineered wood structures. It specifically covers such topics as: 1) Design requirements; 2) tension members; 3) compression members and bearing; 4) flexural members; 5) members with combined bending and axial loads; 6) mechanical connections; 7) structural-use panels; 8) shear walls and diaphragms; and 9) serviceability. In addition, the Appendices address issues such as: 1) Resistance of spaced columns; 2) glued laminated timber; 3) ponding; 4) qualification of fasteners and connectors; 5) resistance of shear plates; and 6) design of panel-based assemblies.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
3	Preface Preface
7	Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
9	Table Of Contents Table Of Contents
17	Notation Notation
21	1 General Provisions 1 General Provisions 1.1 Scope 1.1 Scope 1.1.1 Units 1.1.1 Units 1.2 Applicable Documents 1.2 Applicable Documents
22	1.3 Loads and Load Combinations 1.3 Loads and Load Combinations 1.3.1 Nominalloads 1.3.1 Nominalloads 1.3.2 Load combinations 1.3.2 Load combinations 1.3.3 Otherloads 1.3.3 Otherloads 1.3.4 Counteracting loads 1.3.4 Counteracting loads 1.4 DesignBasis 1.4 DesignBasis 1.4.1 Limit states design 1.4.1 Limit states design 1.4.2 Structural analysis 1.4.2 Structural analysis
23	1.4.2.1 Modulus of elasticity 1.4.2.1 Modulus of elasticity 1.4.2.2 End restraints 1.4.2.2 End restraints 1.4.2.3 Long-term loading 1.4.2.3 Long-term loading 1.4.3 Strength limit states 1.4.3 Strength limit states 1.4.3.1 Force due to factored loads 1.4.3.1 Force due to factored loads 1.4.3.2 Design resistance 1.4.3.2 Design resistance
24	1.4.4 Serviceability limit states 1.4.4 Serviceability limit states 1.4.5 Existing structures 1.4.5 Existing structures 2 Design Requirements 2 Design Requirements 2.1 Scope 2.1 Scope 2.2 Gross And Net Areas 2.2 Gross And Net Areas 2.2.1 Grossarea 2.2.1 Grossarea 2.2.2 Netarea 2.2.2 Netarea 2.3 Stability 2.3 Stability 2.4 Lateralsupport 2.4 Lateralsupport 2.5 Reference Conditions 2.5 Reference Conditions
25	2.6 Adjusted Resistance and Adjusted Strength 2.6 Adjusted Resistance and Adjusted Strength 2.6.1 General 2.6.1 General 2.6.2 Adjustment factors for end-use 2.6.2 Adjustment factors for end-use 2.6.3 Adjustment factors for member configuration 2.6.3 Adjustment factors for member configuration 2.6.4 Additional adjustments for structural lumber and glued laminated timber 2.6.4 Additional adjustments for structural lumber and glued laminated timber
27	2.6.5 Additional adjustments for structural panels 2.6.5 Additional adjustments for structural panels 2.6.6 Additional adjustments for timber poles and piles 2.6.6 Additional adjustments for timber poles and piles 2.6.7 Additional adjustments for structural connections 2.6.7 Additional adjustments for structural connections 3 TensionMembers 3 TensionMembers 3.1 General 3.1 General 3.1.1 Scope 3.1.1 Scope 3.1.2 Member design 3.1.2 Member design 3.1.3 Special considerations 3.1.3 Special considerations 3.2 Tension Resistance Parallel to Grain 3.2 Tension Resistance Parallel to Grain 3.2.1 Tension resistance 3.2.1 Tension resistance 3.2.2 Special considerations for unsymmetrical net areas 3.2.2 Special considerations for unsymmetrical net areas Tension Resistance Perpendicular to Grain Tension Resistance Perpendicular to Grain
28	Resistance of Built-up and Composite Members Resistance of Built-up and Composite Members 3.4.1 Built-up members with components of similar materials 3.4.1 Built-up members with components of similar materials 3.4.2 Composite members with components ofdissimilar materials 3.4.2 Composite members with components ofdissimilar materials Compression Members And Bearing Compression Members And Bearing 4.1 General 4.1 General 4.1.1 Scope 4.1.1 Scope 4.1.2 Member design 4.1.2 Member design 4.2 Slenderness and Effective Length Considerations 4.2 Slenderness and Effective Length Considerations Effective column length Effective column length 4.2.2 Column slenderness ratio 4.2.2 Column slenderness ratio
29	Resistance of Solid Columns Concentrically Loaded in Compression Resistance of Solid Columns Concentrically Loaded in Compression 4.3.1 Design material values and design factors 4.3.1 Design material values and design factors 4.3.2 Resistance of prismatic columns 4.3.2 Resistance of prismatic columns Resistance of notched or bored prismatic columns Resistance of notched or bored prismatic columns 4.3.3.1 Notch in critical location 4.3.3.1 Notch in critical location Notch in noncritical location Notch in noncritical location 4.3.4 Resistance of tapered columns 4.3.4 Resistance of tapered columns 4.3.4.1 Tapered circular members 4.3.4.1 Tapered circular members
30	4.3.4.2 Tapered rectangular columns 4.3.4.2 Tapered rectangular columns 4.4 Resistance of Spaced Built-up and Composite Columns 4.4 Resistance of Spaced Built-up and Composite Columns 4.4.1 Spaced columns 4.4.1 Spaced columns 4.4.2 Built-up columns 4.4.2 Built-up columns 4.4.3 Composite columns 4.4.3 Composite columns 4.5 Resistance in Bearing 4.5 Resistance in Bearing 4.5.1 Resistance in end bearing 4.5.1 Resistance in end bearing
31	4.5.2 Resistance in side bearing 4.5.2 Resistance in side bearing 4.5.3 Bearing at an angle to grain 4.5.3 Bearing at an angle to grain 4.6 Radial Compression in Curved Members 4.6 Radial Compression in Curved Members 5 Flexural Members Bending And Shear 5 Flexural Members Bending And Shear 5.1 General 5.1 General 5.1.1 Scope 5.1.1 Scope
32	5.1.2 Memberdesign 5.1.2 Memberdesign 5.1.3 Designspan 5.1.3 Designspan 5.1.4 Notching of flexural members 5.1.4 Notching of flexural members 5.1.5 Member orientation and support conditions 5.1.5 Member orientation and support conditions 5.1.6 Partial composite action of parallel member assemblies 5.1.6 Partial composite action of parallel member assemblies Moment resistance of square and circular prismatic members Moment resistance of square and circular prismatic members
33	5.1.8 Moment resistance of box beams and I-beams 5.1.8 Moment resistance of box beams and I-beams 5.1.9 Moment resistance of nonprismatic members 5.1.9 Moment resistance of nonprismatic members 5.1.1 O Tapering of members 5.1.1 O Tapering of members 5.1.1 1 Stress interaction at a cut face of a member 5.1.1 1 Stress interaction at a cut face of a member 5.1.12 Moment resistance of composite members 5.1.12 Moment resistance of composite members 5.1.13 Moment resistance of built-up members 5.1.13 Moment resistance of built-up members 5.2 Conditions of Lateral Support 5.2 Conditions of Lateral Support 5.2.1 General 5.2.1 General 5.2.1.1 Consideration of lateral support conditions 5.2.1.1 Consideration of lateral support conditions 5.2.1.2 General requirements for lateral bracing 5.2.1.2 General requirements for lateral bracing
34	5.2.1.3 Effective laterally unsupported length 5.2.1.3 Effective laterally unsupported length
35	5.2.2 Moment resistance of laterally supported beams 5.2.2 Moment resistance of laterally supported beams Moment resistance of members without full lateral support Moment resistance of members without full lateral support 5.2.3.1 Strength and stiffness 5.2.3.1 Strength and stiffness 5.2.3.2 Prismatic beams 5.2.3.2 Prismatic beams 5.2.3.3 Nonrectangular members 5.2.3.3 Nonrectangular members
36	5.2.3.4 Wood I-joists 5.2.3.4 Wood I-joists 5.3 Moment Resistance of Assemblies 5.3 Moment Resistance of Assemblies 5.3.1 Scope 5.3.1 Scope 5.3.2 Adjustment factors for uniformly-loaded assemblies 5.3.2 Adjustment factors for uniformly-loaded assemblies 5.3.3 Composite action factor 5.3.3 Composite action factor 5.3.4 Load-sharing factor 5.3.4 Load-sharing factor 5.4 Resistance of Members in Shear 5.4 Resistance of Members in Shear 5.4.1 Calculation of design shear force 5.4.1 Calculation of design shear force
37	5.4.2 Flexural shear resistance 5.4.2 Flexural shear resistance 5.4.3 Shear resistance in the vicinity of notches 5.4.3 Shear resistance in the vicinity of notches 5.4.4 Shear resistance in the vicinity of connections 5.4.4 Shear resistance in the vicinity of connections
38	5.5 Resistance of Members in Torsion 5.5 Resistance of Members in Torsion 5.6 Curved or PitchedTapered Curved Glued Laminated Beams 5.6 Curved or PitchedTapered Curved Glued Laminated Beams 5.6.1 Adjustment of flexural resistance for curvature 5.6.1 Adjustment of flexural resistance for curvature 5.6.2 Radial tension and compression in curved members 5.6.2 Radial tension and compression in curved members 5.6.2.1 Curved members of constant cross section 5.6.2.1 Curved members of constant cross section 5.6.2.2 Pitched and tapered glued laminated beams 5.6.2.2 Pitched and tapered glued laminated beams 5.7 Ponding 5.7 Ponding
39	6 Members With Combined Bending And Axial Loads 6 Members With Combined Bending And Axial Loads 6.1 General 6.1 General 6.1.1 Scope 6.1.1 Scope 6.1.2 MemberDesign 6.1.2 MemberDesign 6.2 Resistance in Combined Bending and Axial Tension 6.2 Resistance in Combined Bending and Axial Tension Compression Compression 6.3.1 Beams columns and frame members 6.3.1 Beams columns and frame members
41	6.3.2 Trussmembers 6.3.2 Trussmembers 6.4 Columns Loaded on Side Brackets 6.4 Columns Loaded on Side Brackets 6.5 Arches 6.5 Arches 6.6 Trusses 6.6 Trusses 6.6.1 Sheathed truss compression chords 6.6.1 Sheathed truss compression chords
42	7 Mechanical Connections 7 Mechanical Connections 7.1 General 7.1 General 7.1.1 Scope 7.1.1 Scope 7.1.2 Connection Design 7.1.2 Connection Design 7.1.3 Adjustment factor issues for connections 7.1.3 Adjustment factor issues for connections 7.1.4 Time effect factor for connections 7.1.4 Time effect factor for connections 7.2 Material Property Basis 7.2 Material Property Basis 7.2.1 Fasteners connectors and connecting elements 7.2.1 Fasteners connectors and connecting elements
43	7.2.2 Specific gravity 7.2.2 Specific gravity 7.2.3 Dowel bearing strength 7.2.3 Dowel bearing strength 7.3 Connection configuration basis 7.3 Connection configuration basis 7.3.1 Simple connections 7.3.1 Simple connections 7.3.2 Bearing 7.3.2 Bearing 7.3.3 Member stress at connection 7.3.3 Member stress at connection 7.3.4 Mixed fastener connections 7.3.4 Mixed fastener connections 7.3.5 Placement of fasteners 7.3.5 Placement of fasteners
44	7.3.6 Multiple fasteners 7.3.6 Multiple fasteners
45	7.4 Nails Spikes and Wood Screws 7.4 Nails Spikes and Wood Screws 7.4.1 General 7.4.1 General 7.4.1.1 Scope 7.4.1.1 Scope 7.4.1.2 Fastener properties and dimensions 7.4.1.2 Fastener properties and dimensions 7.4.1.3 Installation 7.4.1.3 Installation
46	7.4.2 Spacing of fasteners 7.4.2 Spacing of fasteners 7.4.3 Resistance to lateral forces 7.4.3 Resistance to lateral forces 7.4.3.1 Reference lateral resistance: single shear 7.4.3.1 Reference lateral resistance: single shear
47	7.4.3.2 Reference lateral resistance: double shear 7.4.3.2 Reference lateral resistance: double shear 7.4.3.3 Adjusted lateral resistance 7.4.3.3 Adjusted lateral resistance
48	7.4.4 Resistance to Axial Forces 7.4.4 Resistance to Axial Forces 7.4.4.1 General provisions 7.4.4.1 General provisions 7.4.4.2 Fastener tensile resistance 7.4.4.2 Fastener tensile resistance 7.4.4.3 Reference Shank withdrawal resistance 7.4.4.3 Reference Shank withdrawal resistance 7.4.4.4 Adjusted Shank withdrawal Resistance 7.4.4.4 Adjusted Shank withdrawal Resistance 7.4.5 Combined axial and lateral forces 7.4.5 Combined axial and lateral forces 7.5 Bolts Lag Screws Drift Pins and Dowels 7.5 Bolts Lag Screws Drift Pins and Dowels 7.5.1 General 7.5.1 General 7.5.1.1 Scope 7.5.1.1 Scope 7.5.1.2 Fastener properties and dimensions 7.5.1.2 Fastener properties and dimensions
49	7.5.2 Installation 7.5.2 Installation 7.5.2.1 Lead holes 7.5.2.1 Lead holes 7.5.2.2 Washers 7.5.2.2 Washers 7.5.3 Spacing of fasteners 7.5.3 Spacing of fasteners
50	7.5.4 Resistance to lateral forces 7.5.4 Resistance to lateral forces 7.5.4.1 Reference lateral resistance 7.5.4.1 Reference lateral resistance
51	7.5.4.2 Adjusted lateral resistance 7.5.4.2 Adjusted lateral resistance
52	7.5.5 Resistance to axial forces 7.5.5 Resistance to axial forces 7.5.5.1 General 7.5.5.1 General 7.5.5.2 Fastener tensile resistance 7.5.5.2 Fastener tensile resistance 7.5.5.3 Reference shank withdrawal resistance 7.5.5.3 Reference shank withdrawal resistance 7.5.5.4 Adjusted shank withdrawal resistance 7.5.5.4 Adjusted shank withdrawal resistance 7.5.5.5 Bearing under washers 7.5.5.5 Bearing under washers 7.5.6 Resistance to combined axial and lateral forces 7.5.6 Resistance to combined axial and lateral forces 7.6 Shear Plates and Split Rings 7.6 Shear Plates and Split Rings 7.6.1 General 7.6.1 General 7.6.1.1 Scope 7.6.1.1 Scope
53	7.6.1.2 Connector unit 7.6.1.2 Connector unit 7.6.1.3 Connector properties and installation 7.6.1.3 Connector properties and installation 7.6.2 Spacing of connectors 7.6.2 Spacing of connectors 7.6.3 Resistance to lateral forces 7.6.3 Resistance to lateral forces 7.6.3.1 Reference lateral resistance in side grain 7.6.3.1 Reference lateral resistance in side grain 7.6.3.2 Adjusted lateral resistance in side grain 7.6.3.2 Adjusted lateral resistance in side grain
56	7.6.3.3 Reference strength in end grain 7.6.3.3 Reference strength in end grain 8 Structural-Use Panels 8 Structural-Use Panels 8.1 Scope 8.1 Scope 8.2 Design Requirements 8.2 Design Requirements 8.2.1 Reference conditions 8.2.1 Reference conditions 8.2.2 Specification of structural-use panels 8.2.2 Specification of structural-use panels 8.3 Reference Resistance 8.3 Reference Resistance 8.3.1 Panel stiffness and factored reference resistance 8.3.1 Panel stiffness and factored reference resistance 8.3.2 Reference strength and elastic properties 8.3.2 Reference strength and elastic properties 8.4 Design Section Properties 8.4 Design Section Properties 8.4.1 Design thickness 8.4.1 Design thickness 8.4.2 Design section properties 8.4.2 Design section properties 8.5 Design 8.5 Design 8.5.1 Applicable procedures 8.5.1 Applicable procedures 8.5.2 Flatwise bending 8.5.2 Flatwise bending
57	8.5.3 Tension in the plane of the panel 8.5.3 Tension in the plane of the panel 8.5.4 Compression in the plane of the panel 8.5.4 Compression in the plane of the panel 8.5.5 Panelshear 8.5.5 Panelshear 9 Shear Walls And Diaphragms 9 Shear Walls And Diaphragms 9.1 General 9.1 General 9.1.1 Scope 9.1.1 Scope 9.2 Shear Wall and Diaphragm Design 9.2 Shear Wall and Diaphragm Design 9.2.1 Design principles 9.2.1 Design principles 9.3 Required Resistance 9.3 Required Resistance
58	9.4 Reference Resistance 9.4 Reference Resistance 9.4.1 In-plane shear resistance 9.4.1 In-plane shear resistance 9.4.1.1 Adjusted in-plane shear resistance 9.4.1.1 Adjusted in-plane shear resistance 9.4.2 Boundary element resistance 9.4.2 Boundary element resistance 9.4.3 Shear transfer at shear wall and diaphragm boundaries 9.4.3 Shear transfer at shear wall and diaphragm boundaries 9.5 Other Design Considerations 9.5 Other Design Considerations 1 O Serviceability Considerations 1 O Serviceability Considerations 10.1 General Considerations 10.1 General Considerations 10.2 Material and Member Stiffness 10.2 Material and Member Stiffness
59	Appendix Al Resistance Of Spaced Columns Appendix Al Resistance Of Spaced Columns Al 1 Geometry and Geometry Limits Al 1 Geometry and Geometry Limits A1.2 Spaced Column Fixity Conditions A1.2 Spaced Column Fixity Conditions
60	A1.3 Resistance of Spaced Columns A1.3 Resistance of Spaced Columns A1.4 Requirements for Connectors in End Blocks A1.4 Requirements for Connectors in End Blocks Appendix A2 Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) Appendix A2 Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) A2.1 General A2.1 General
61	A2.2 Pitched and Tapered Curved Beams A2.2 Pitched and Tapered Curved Beams A2.2.1 Moment resistance limited by radial stress A2.2.1 Moment resistance limited by radial stress
62	A2.2.2 Moment resistance limited by bending stress A2.2.2 Moment resistance limited by bending stress A2.2.3 Deflection of pitched and tapered curved beams A2.2.3 Deflection of pitched and tapered curved beams A2.2.4 Radial reinforcement A2.2.4 Radial reinforcement A2.2.5 Adjustment factors A2.2.5 Adjustment factors A2.2.6 Stress interaction factor A2.2.6 Stress interaction factor
63	A2.3 Glued Laminated Timber Arches A2.3 Glued Laminated Timber Arches A2.3.1 Types of arches A2.3.1 Types of arches A2.3.2 Three-hinged arches A2.3.2 Three-hinged arches A2.3.3 Two-hinged arches A2.3.3 Two-hinged arches A2.3.4 Axial compressive resistance A2.3.4 Axial compressive resistance A2.3.5 Radial stresses in arches A2.3.5 Radial stresses in arches A2.3.6 Nominal moment resistance A2.3.6 Nominal moment resistance A2.3.7 Interaction of moment and axial forces in arches A2.3.7 Interaction of moment and axial forces in arches
64	A2.3.8 Deflection of arches A2.3.8 Deflection of arches Appendix A3 Ponding Appendix A3 Ponding A3.1 Scope A3.1 Scope
65	A3.2 One-way Roof Systems A3.2 One-way Roof Systems A3.2.1 Minimum slope to drain A3.2.1 Minimum slope to drain A3.2.2 Increased Moment Caused by Ponding A3.2.2 Increased Moment Caused by Ponding A3.3 Two-way Roof Systems A3.3 Two-way Roof Systems
66	Appendix A4 Qualification Of Fasteners And Connectors Appendix A4 Qualification Of Fasteners And Connectors A4.1 General A4.1 General A4.2 Nails and Spikes A4.2 Nails and Spikes A4.3 WoodScrews A4.3 WoodScrews A4.4 Bolts Lag Screws Drift Pins and Dowels A4.4 Bolts Lag Screws Drift Pins and Dowels A4.5 SplitRings A4.5 SplitRings A4.6 Shearplates A4.6 Shearplates
67	A4.7 Metal Connector Plates A4.7 Metal Connector Plates Appendix A5 Resistance Of Shear Plates Or Split Rings In End Grain Appendix A5 Resistance Of Shear Plates Or Split Rings In End Grain A5.1 Definitions and Notations A5.1 Definitions and Notations A5.2 DesignBasis A5.2 DesignBasis A5.3 Connectors Installed in Square-Cut or Sloping Surfaces A5.3 Connectors Installed in Square-Cut or Sloping Surfaces A5.4 Spacings A5.4 Spacings
69	Appendix A6 Design Of Panel-Based Assemblies Appendix A6 Design Of Panel-Based Assemblies A6.1 Scope A6.1 Scope A6.2 Components A6.2 Components A6.3 Fabrication A6.3 Fabrication A6.4 EndJoints A6.4 EndJoints A6.5 Design Procedure A6.5 Design Procedure A6.6 Deflection Limitations A6.6 Deflection Limitations A6.7 I-Beams A6.7 I-Beams A6.8 Stressed-Skin Panels A6.8 Stressed-Skin Panels A6.9 Sandwich Panels A6.9 Sandwich Panels A6.10 Curved Panels A6.10 Curved Panels
71	Glossary Glossary
77	Commentary Commentary
141	Index Index

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Standard Title	AF&PA/ASCE Standard 16 Standard for Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Engineered Wood Construction
Published Code	ASCE
Publication Date	1995
Pages Count	152

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