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ASCE Manual 81 06:2006 Edition

ASCE Manual 81 06:2006 Edition

$56.88

Manual of Practice No. 81: Guidelines for Cloud Seeding to Augment Precipitation

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ASCE 2006 200
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 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding to Augment Precipitation, Second Edition, provides practical details of what is involved in using the cloud seeding technology. This Manual of Practice incorporates pertinent background on the science and practice of weather modification by cloud seeding to augment precipitation. The sections of this manual include the societal, environmental, and economic aspects of precipitation enhancement by cloud seeding, legal aspects associated with weather modification operations, scientific basis, cloud seeding modes, and instrumentation and status of precipitation enhancement technology. Also included is an executive summary, which deals with the complex issues that arise with the development and application of the cloud seeding technology. It is intended to provide water resources managers and others with the information and references needed for decision making regarding the use of cloud seeding to augment available water supplies.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
6 CONTENTS
11 LIST OF TABLES
12 LIST OF FIGURES
13 FOREWORD
15 DEDICATION
20 SECTION 1—EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
21 1.2 WHY SEED CLOUDS?
22 1.3 APPROACHES AND RESTRICTIONS TO SEEDING CLOUDS
23 1.4 SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR CLOUD SEEDING
24 1.5 THE CONDUCT OF CLOUD SEEDING OPERATIONS
26 1.6 HOW TO INITIATE A CLOUD SEEDING PROJECT
1.7 CONCLUSIONS
27 1.8 REFERENCES
28 SECTION 2—SOCIETAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT BY CLOUD SEEDING
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 SOCIETAL ASPECTS
29 2.2.1 Studies
2.2.2 The Diffusion of Innovations and Cloud Seeding
30 2.2.3 Assessing Public Attitudes
32 2.2.4 Assessing Community Dynamics
34 2.2.5 Decision Processes
36 2.2.6 Public Participation Procedures
37 2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
2.3.1 Historical Perspective
40 2.3.2 The Concept of Cumulative Effects
41 2.3.3 Case Study–The Sierra Ecology Project
42 2.3.4 Case Study–Environmental Impact Statement for a Prototype Project
44 2.4 ECONOMIC ASPECTS
45 2.4.1 Deciding the Goal and Scale of Economic Analysis
46 2.4.2 Economic Aspects of Summer Cloud Seeding
50 2.4.3 Economic Aspects of Winter Cloud Seeding
55 2.5 CONCLUSIONS
56 2.6 REFERENCES
62 SECTION 3—LEGAL ASPECTS OF WEATHER MODIFICATION OPERATIONS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
63 3.2 PRE-OPERATIONAL PLANNING
3.2.1 Role of Regulatory Entities in the States
64 3.2.2 Weather Modification Licenses
65 3.2.3 Weather Modification Permits
68 3.2.4 Impacts of Environmental Laws and Rules
70 3.2.5 Contractual Agreements among Sponsors and Operators
71 3.3 CONDUCTING OPERATIONS
3.3.1 Operational Control
72 3.3.2 Archival of Data and Information
3.3.3 Reporting Procedures
73 3.4 EVALUATING OPERATIONS
3.4.1 Legal Liabilities for Sponsors and Operators
76 3.4.2 Water Rights
78 3.5 CONCLUSIONS
3.6 REFERENCES
80 SECTION 4—THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
81 4.2 THE NATURAL PRODUCTION OF RAIN
4.2.1 Formation of Cloud Condensate
82 4.2.2 Cloud Initiation and Colloidal Stability
83 4.2.3 Initiation and Evolution of Precipitation
85 4.3 CLOUD SEEDING TO AUGUMENT RAINFALL
4.3.1 Seeding to Enhance the Warm Cloud Process (Hygroscopic Seeding)
86 4.3.2 Seeding to Enhance the Cold Cloud Process (Glaciogenic Seeding)
88 4.3.3 Seeding to Enhance Development of Individual Convective Clouds
89 4.3.4 Expansion of Glaciogenic Seeding Concepts to Larger Scales
90 4.4 THE NATURAL PRODUCTION OF SNOWFALL
4.4.1 Formation of Cloud Condensate
4.4.2 Cloud Initiation, Colloidal Stability, and Evolution of Precipitation
91 4.5 CLOUD SEEDING TO AUGMENT SNOWFALL
4.5.1 Snow Augmentation Methods
92 4.5.2 Expansion of Snow Augmentation Concepts to Larger Scales
93 4.6 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
95 4.7 CONCLUSIONS
4.8 REFERENCES
100 SECTION 5—CLOUD SEEDING MODES, INSTRUMENTATION, AND STATUS OF PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT TECHNOLOGY
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 CLOUD SEEDING MODES
101 5.2.1 Cloud Seeding Agents
107 5.2.2 Delivery Systems
117 5.2.3 Deployment of Cloud Seeding Systems
122 5.3 INSTRUMENTATION
123 5.3.1 Real-Time Decision Making and Monitoring Instrumentation
133 5.3.2 Measurements of Potential Value in Post-project Assessments
138 5.4 STATUS OF PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT TECHNOLOGY
139 5.4.1 American Society of Civil Engineers
5.4.2 Weather Modification Association
141 5.4.3 American Meteorological Society
143 5.4.4 World Meteorological Organization
146 5.5 CONCLUSIONS
147 5.6 REFERENCES
154 SECTION 6—HOW TO IMPLEMENT A CLOUD SEEDING PROGRAM
6.1 INTRODUCTION
155 6.1.1 Initial Program Assessment (Feasibility Study)
6.1.2 The Factors Governing Implementation
157 6.2 NEEDS AND GOALS
6.2.1 Origin of Need and Program Justification (Program Sponsors)
158 6.2.2 Political and/or Institutional Mechanisms
6.3 THE FEASIBILITY STUDY
6.3.1 Scientific Basis
159 6.3.2 Feasibility Study Objectives (Program Scope)
164 6.3.3 Statement of Program Expectations (Likelihood of Success)
165 6.4 PROGRAM DEFINITION
6.4.1 Seeding Modes and Agents (Design)
166 6.4.2 The Evaluation Plan
171 6.4.3 Quantification of Findings
173 6.5 PROGRAM CONTROL
174 6.5.1 Seeding Decisions
175 6.5.2 Data Collection and Access
176 6.5.3 Seeding Suspension Criteria
179 6.6 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
181 6.7 REFERENCES
184 GLOSSARY
A
B
185 C
186 D
187 E
F
G
188 H
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189 J
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190 M
N
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191 P
R
192 S
193 T
194 U
W
196 INDEX
A
B
C
197 D
E
F
G
198 H
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J
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M
N
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199 P
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200 T
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