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FEMA 577 07 2007

FEMA 577 07 2007

$23.40

FEMA 577 – Design Guide for Improving Hospital Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds: Providing Protection to People and Buildings

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
FEMA 2007 398
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PDF Pages PDF Title
1 FEMA 577: Design Guide for Improving Hospital Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds Cover
2 About the Cover
3 Title Page
5 Background
6 Objective and Scope
Organization and Content
7 Acknowledgments
9 TABLE OF CONTENTS
17 1 HOSPITAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
19 1.2 HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY
1.2.1 Ambulatory Care
20 1.2.2 Patient Volume
21 1.2.3 Aging Facilities
1.2.4 Healing Environments
22 1.2.5 Technological Advances
24 1.3 HAZARD MITIGATION
25 1.3.1 Assessing Risk
26 1.3.2 Evacuation Considerations
27 1.3.3 Potential Vulnerabilities
28 1.3.3.1 Structural Vulnerability
1.3.3.2 Nonstructural Vulnerability
31 1.3.3.3 Spatial and Other Organizational Vulnerabilities
33 1.4 HOSPITAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
34 1.4.1 Building Codes
36 1.5 MULTI-HAZARD DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
37 1.5.1 The Need for a Multi-Hazard Approach
38 1.5.2 Multi-Hazard Design Matrix
48 1.6 REFERENCES
49 2 MAKING HOSPITALS SAFE FROM EARTHQUAKES
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1.1 The Nature and Probability of Earthquakes
50 2.1.2 Earthquake Effects
51 2.1.3 Measuring Earthquake Effects
53 2.1.3.1 Measuring Seismic Ground Motion
55 2.1.3.2 Measuring Potential for Liquefaction
2.1.3.3 Measuring Potential for Landslide
56 2.1.3.4 Measuring Potential for Tsunami and Seiche
2.1.4 Earthquakes:”‚A National Problem
59 2.2 SEISMIC BUILDING DESIGN
60 2.2.1 The Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Analysis Methodology
61 2.2.1.1 Acceleration
62 2.2.1.2 Soil Amplification and Soil Type
63 2.2.1.3 Building Period
64 2.2.2 Critical Building Characteristics
2.2.2.1 Period and Resonance
2.2.2.2 Damping
65 2.2.2.3 Nonlinear Behavior
2.2.2.4 Ductility
66 2.2.2.5 Strength and Stiffness
67 2.2.2.6 Drift
68 2.2.2.7 Configuration:”‚Size and Shape
2.2.2.8 Stress Concentrations
69 2.2.2.9 Torsional Forces
72 2.2.3 Specifications for Performance-Based Seismic Design
2.2.3.1 Performance Levels
75 2.2.3.2 New Developments in Performance-Based Design
77 2.3 EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE TO HOSPITALS
79 2.3.1 Types of Structural Damage
80 2.3.1.1 The Case of the Olive View Medical Center
83 2.3.2 Nonstructural Damage
87 2.3.2.1 The Case of New Olive View Medical Center
90 2.3.2.2 The Case of Kona Community Hospital, Hawaii
96 2.3.3 Consequences of Building Damage
97 2.3.4 Seismic Vulnerability of Hospitals
98 2.3.4.1 Seismic Vulnerability of Hospitals Based on Historical Performance in California
100 2.3.4.2 Vulnerability Assessment of Hospital Buildings
101 2.3.4.3 Comparability of Hospital Buildings
105 2.4 RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
2.4.1 Site Selection Basics
106 2.4.2 Seismic Design Basics
107 2.4.3 Structural Systems
2.4.3.1 Basic Types of Lateral Force Resisting Systems
110 2.4.3.2 Innovative Structural Systems
111 2.4.3.3 Structural Systems Selection
112 2.4.4 Nonstructural Components and Systems
113 2.4.4.1 Code Regulated Nonstructural Systems
115 2.4.4.2 Interstitial Space for Utility Installations
116 2.4.5 Mitigation Measures for New Buildings
2.4.5.1 The Case of Loma Linda Veterans Hospital
120 2.4.6 Mitigation Measures for existing Buildings
2.4.6.1 Procedures and Design Strategies for Rehabilitation of Structural Systems
121 2.4.6.2 The Case of Naval Hospital Bremerton
125 2.4.6.3 Procedures and Design Strategies for Rehabilitation of Nonstructural Systems
2.4.6.4 Summary of Risk Reduction Measures for Existing Buildings
128 2.5 CHECKLIST FOR SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF HOSPITALS
132 2.6 REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
135 3 MAKING HOSPITALS SAFE FROM FLO0DING
3.1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3.1.1 The Nature of Flooding
138 3.1.2 Probability of Occurrence or Frequency
141 3.1.3 Flood Characteristics and Loads
143 3.1.3.1 Hydrostatic Loads
144 3.1.3.2 Hydrodynamic Loads
146 3.1.3.3 Debris Impact Loads
147 3.1.3.4 Erosion and Local Scour
148 3.1.4 Design Parameters
3.1.4.1 Flood Depth
151 3.1.4.2 Design Flood Elevation 
3.1.4.3 Flood Velocity—Riverine
152 3.1.4.4 Flood Velocity—Coastal
153 3.1.5 Flood Hazard Maps and Zones
154 3.1.5.1 NFIP Flood Maps
155 3.1.5.2 NFIP Flood Zones
158 3.1.5.3 Coastal A Zones
160 3.1.6 Floodplain Management Requirements and Building Codes
3.1.6.1 Overview of the NFIP
162 3.1.6.2 Summary of the NFIP Minimum Requirements
163 3.1.6.3 Executive Order 11988 and Critical Facilities
164 3.1.6.4 Scope of Model Building Codes and Standards
167 3.2 HOSPITALS EXPOSED TO FLOODING
3.2.1 Identifying Flood Hazards at Existing Hospitals
3.2.2 Vulnerability:”‚What Flooding Can Do to Existing Hospitals
168 3.2.2.1 Site Damage
170 3.2.2.2 Structural Damage
172 3.2.2.3 Nonstructural Damage
175 3.2.2.4 Medical Equipment
3.2.2.5 Utility System Damage
178 3.2.2.6 Contents Damage
181 3.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BEST PRACTICES IN Flood HAZARD AREAS
3.3.1 Evaluating Risk and Avoiding Flood Hazards
182 3.3.2 Benefits and Costs:”‚Determining Acceptable Risk
184 3.3.3 Site Modifications
187 3.3.4 Elevation Considerations
192 3.3.4.1 The Case of Boulder Community Foothills Hospital, Boulder, Colorado
197 3.3.5 Dry Floodproofing Considerations 
200 3.3.6 Flood-Resistant Materials
202 3.3.7 Access Roads
203 3.3.8 Utility Installations
205 3.3.9 Potable Water and Wastewater Systems
3.3.10 Storage Tank Installations
206 3.3.11 Accessory Structures
207 3.4 RISK REDUCTION FOR EXISTING HOSPITALS
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Site Modifications
209 3.4.3 Additions
211 3.4.4 Repairs, Renovations, and Upgrades
212 3.4.5 Retrofit Dry Floodproofing
213 3.4.5.1 The Case of Pungo District Hospital, Belhaven, North Carolina
218 3.4.6 Utility Installations
220 3.4.7 Potable Water and Wastewater Systems
221 3.4.8 Other Damage Reduction Measures
222 3.4.9 Emergency Measures
224 3.5 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDING VULNERABILITY OF FLOOD-PRONE HOSPITALS
232 3.6 REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
235 4 MAKING HOSPITALS SAFE FROM HIGH WIND
4.1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
237 4.1.1 Nature of High Winds
4.1.2 Probability of Occurrence
239 4.1.3 Wind/Building Interactions
243 4.1.4 Building Codes
4.1.4.1 Scope of Building Codes
244 4.1.4.2 Effectiveness and Limitations of Building Codes
247 4.2 HOSPITALS EXPOSED TO HIGH WINDS
4.2.1 Vulnerability:”‚What High Winds Can Do To Hospitals
4.2.1.1 Types of Building Damage
250 4.2.1.2 Ramifications of Damage
251 4.2.1.3 The Case of West Florida Hospital, Pensacola, Florida
258 4.2.2 Evaluating Hospitals For Risk From High WInds
4.2.2.1 New Buildings
259 4.2.2.2 Existing Buildings
260 4.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BEST PRACTICES IN HIGH-WIND REGIONS
4.3.1 General Hospital Design Considerations
262 4.3.1.1 Site
263 4.3.1.2 Building Design
268 4.3.1.3 Construction Contract Administration
269 4.3.1.4 Post-Occupancy Inspections, Periodic Maintenance, Repair, and Replacement
270 4.3.1.5 Site and General Design Considerations in Hurricane-Prone Regions
271 4.3.2 Structural Systems
275 4.3.2.1 Structural Systems in Hurricane-Prone Regions
276 4.3.3 Building Envelope
4.3.3.1 Exterior Doors
280 4.3.3.2 Exterior Doors in Hurricane-Prone Regions
281 4.3.3.3 Windows and Skylights
283 4.3.3.4 Windows and Skylights in Hurricane-Prone Regions
286 4.3.3.5 Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Wall Coverings, and Soffits
298 4.3.3.6 Non-Load-Bearing Walls, Wall Coverings, and Soffits in Hurricane-Prone Regions
299 4.3.3.7 Roof Systems
308 4.3.3.8 Roof Systems in Hurricane-Prone Regions
315 4.3.3.9 The Case of DeSoto Memorial Hospital, Arcadia, Florida
319 4.3.4 Nonstructural Systems and Equipment
320 4.3.4.1 Exterior-Mounted Mechanical Equipment
328 4.3.4.2 Nonstructural Systems and Mechanical Equipment in Hurricane-Prone Regions
4.3.4.3 Exterior-Mounted Electrical and Communications Equipment
331 4.3.4.4 Lightning Protection Systems (LPS) in Hurricane-Prone Regions
336 4.3.4.5 The Case of Martin Memorial Medical Center, Stuart, Florida
338 4.3.5 Municipal Utilities in Hurricane-Prone Regions
4.3.5.1 Electrical Power
339 4.3.5.2 Water Service
340 4.3.5.3 Sewer Service
4.3.6 Post-Design Considerations in Hurricane-Prone Regions
4.3.6.1 Construction Contract Administration
4.3.6.2 Periodic Inspections, Maintenance, and Repair
341 4.4 REMEDIAL WORK ON EXISTING FACILITIES
343 4.4.1 Structural Systems
345 4.4.2 Building Envelope
4.4.2.1 Sectional and Rolling Doors
346 4.4.2.2 Windows and Skylights
349 4.4.2.3 Roof Coverings
351 4.4.3 Exterior-Mounted Equipment
4.4.3.1 Antenna (Communications Mast)
352 4.4.3.2 Lightning Protection Systems
4.4.4 The Case of Baptist Hospital, Pensacola, Florida
356 4.5 BEST PRACTICES IN TORNADO-PRONE REGIONS
360 4.5.1 The case of Kiowa County Memorial Hospital, Greensburg, Kansas
369 4.5.2 The case of Sumter Regional Hospital, Americus, Georgia
375 4.6 CHECKLIST FOR BUILDING VULNERABILITY OF HOSPITALS EXPOSED TO HIGH WINDS
381 4.7 REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
385 APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS
389 APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS

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FEMA 577 07 2007
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