ASHRAE Standard 100 2018

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ASHRAE Standard 100-2018 – Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2018	106

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Description

Standard 100 provides criteria that will result in reduced energy consumption through improved energy efficiency and performance in existing buildings. This standard is directed toward providing procedures and programs essential to energy efficient operation, mainte- nance, management, and monitoring; increasing the energy efficiency of the energy-using systems and components; and upgrading the thermal performance of the building envelope.

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1	ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2018
3	CONTENTS
4	1. PURPOSE 1.1 This standard provides criteria that will result in reduced energy consumption through improved energy efficiency and performance in existing buildings. 1.2 This standard is directed toward providing procedures and programs essential to energy efficient operation, maintenance, management, and monitoring; increasing the energy efficiency of the energy-using systems and components; and upgrading the th… 2. SCOPE 3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 General. Certain terms, abbreviations, and acronyms are defined in this section for the purposes of this standard. These definitions are applicable to all sections of this standard.
6	3.2 Abbreviations and Acronyms 4. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS 4.1 Building Type Requirements
7	4.2 Energy Management Plan and Operations and Maintenance Program 4.3 Building Energy Use 4.4 General
8	5. ENERGY MANAGEMENT PLAN 5.1 Establish the Energy Management Plan 5.2 Building Energy Monitoring. Building net energy use shall be monitored and recorded in accordance with following sections.
9	5.3 Energy Manager. The EM shall be responsible for the following. Figure 5-1 Net energy concept. Table 5-1 Energy Flow Definitions
10	Table 5-2a Site Energy Conversion Factors Table 5-2b Primary Energy Conversion Factors 6. OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS 6.1 Scope. Section 6 applies to the building envelope, building systems, and building equipment that directly or indirectly consume energy. 6.2 Operations and Maintenance Program. A formal operations and maintenance (O&M) program shall be established and implemented in order that the building energy-using systems achieve their intended energy efficiency throughout their service life. 6.3 Operation and Maintenance Implementation. The O&M program shall be implemented in accordance with Normative Annex L. 6.4 Operations and Maintenance Tasks 6.5 Tenant Improvements. The energy manager (EM) shall put in place a formal process to ensure that any tenant improvements involving a change in space use or the relocation of partitions (including partial height partitions) do not change the annual… 6.6 Equipment and Component Replacement
11	7. ENERGY-USE ANALYSIS AND TARGET REQUIREMENTS 7.1 Building Type and Energy Targets 7.2 Determining Energy Target (EUIt)
12	Table 7-1 Commercial and Residential Building Types/Activities
13	Table 7-2a Building Activity Site Energy Targets (EUIt1) (I-P Units)
15	Table 7-2a Building Activity Site Energy Targets (EUIt1) (SI Units)
17	Table 7-2b Building Activity Source Energy Targets (EUIt1) (I-P Units)
19	Table 7-2b Building Activity Source Energy Targets (EUIt1) (SI Units)
21	Table 7-2c Building Activity Electricity Site Energy Use Targets (ELUIt1) (I-P Units)
23	Table 7-2c Building Activity Electricity Site Energy Use Targets (ELUIt1) (SI Units)
25	Table 7-2d Building Activity Fossil Fuel Site Energy Use Targets (FEUIt1) (I-P Units)
27	Table 7-2d Building Activity Fossil Fuel Site Energy Use Targets (FEUIt1) (SI Units)
29	Table 7-3 Building Operating Shifts Normalization Factor
30	8. ENERGY AUDIT REQUIREMENTS 8.1 The qualified energy auditor shall complete Forms D and/or E and submit to the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). If an energy audit is required within this section, a copy of the audit summary results shall be included in the compliance docume… 8.2 Energy Audit Requirements for Buildings without Energy Targets 8.3 Energy Audit Requirements for Buildings with Energy Targets 8.4 Energy Audit Levels. This section outlines the requirements for Level 1 and Level 2 energy audits for buildings.
31	8.5 Energy Audit Report. This section prescribes the overall approaches and methods to be used in the energy audit report for audits completed under Sections 8.4.1 or 8.4.2.
32	9. IMPLEMENTATION AND VERIFICATION REQUIREMENTS 9.1 Developing and Implementing an Energy Management Plan 9.2 Verification of Implemented EEMs 9.3 Compliance. The qualified person shall complete the compliance documentation as required in Section 4. 10. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND DWELLING UNITS 10.1 Compliance Requirements
33	10.2 Energy-Use Intensity 10.3 Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Table 10-1 Building Types Derived from RECS
34	Table 10-2a Building Activity Site Energy Targets, kBtu/ft2·yr (I-P Units) Table 10-2a Building Activity Site Energy Targets, MJ/m2·yr (SI Units) Table 10-2b Building Activity Source Energy Targets, kBtu/ft2·yr (I-P Units) Table 10-2b Building Activity Source Energy Targets, MJ/m2·yr (SI Units)
35	10.4 Energy Audit Requirements
36	10.5 Implementation and Verification Requirements 10.6 Monitoring. Upon implementation of EEMs, the building’s EUI shall be monitored until 12 consecutive months of energy-use data demonstrate that the energy target has been met and Form A is submitted to the AHJ. 11. REFERENCES
37	NORMATIVE ANNEX A—ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INTENSITY TARGETS A1. Alternative Site Energy Use Intensity and Source Energy Use Intensity Targets Tables A1.1 Alternative Source Energy Use Intensity Target Calculations. Electricity use and fossil fuel use targets listed in Tables A-3 and A-4 shall be permitted to be used in source energy EUI target (EUIt1) calculations by authorities having jurisdicti…
38	Table A-1 Alternative Building Activity Site Energy Targets (I-P Units)
40	Table A-1 Alternative Building Activity Site Energy Targets (SI Units)
42	Table A-2 Alternative Building Activity Source Energy Targets (I-P Units)
44	Table A-2 Alternative Building Activity Source Energy Targets (SI Units)
46	Table A-3 Alternative Building Activity Electricity Site Energy Use Targets (I-P Units)
48	Table A-3 Alternative Building Activity Electricity Site Energy Use Targets (SI Units)
50	Table A-4 Alternative Building Activity Fossil Fuel Site Energy Use Targets (I-P Units)
52	Table A-4 Alternative Building Activity Fossil Fuel Site Energy Use Targets (SI Units)
54	INFORMATIVE ANNEX B—TIMELINE
55	Table B-1 Compliance Timeline for Buildings with Energy Targets Table B-2 Compliance Timeline for Buildings without Energy Targets
56	NORMATIVE ANNEX C—FORMS Form A—Compliance with Standard 100 (Continued)
58	Form B—Building Activity and Energy Target (EUIt)
60	Form C—Energy-Use Intensity Calculations
62	Form D—End Use Analysis Requirements Level 1
63	Form E—End Use Analysis Requirements Level 2
64	INFORMATIVE ANNEX D—OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING SYSTEMS AND ELEMENTS D1. Building Envelope D1.1 Operations and maintenance (O&M) requirements for the building envelope should include all applicable items in Section 6 plus the following. D1.2 The energy manager (EM) should verify a building envelope inspection is performed at least once every three years. Corrective action should be taken as needed, including addressing all items below. D1.3 Seal all exterior joints in the building envelope, and all around penetrations of the building envelope by utility services. D1.4 Replace broken or missing windows. D1.5 Repair or replace exterior door weather stripping, threshold, and door sweeps as needed. D1.6 Seal or cap obsolete shafts, chimneys, and other air chases. D1.7 Repair or replace existing door closers on exterior doors. D1.8 The EM shall develop, document, and distribute procedures to building personnel for energy-efficient operation of exterior doors, loading docks, and operable windows. D2. Domestic Hot-Water Systems D2.1 General Requirements D2.2 Hot-Water Heaters D3. Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems D3.1 Scope. The scope of Section D3 includes HVAC systems and components used to condition spaces within buildings. The O&M requirements for these systems and their components should minimize energy use over time, while providing heating, ventilation… D3.2 General Requirements
65	D3.3 Boiler Systems. The scope of this section covers the operation and maintenance of boilers, flues/vents, feed water equipment, piping, valves, steam traps, strainers, all fittings, and components comprising the entire system. D3.4 Chilled-Water Systems. The scope of this section covers the operation and maintenance of chillers, condensers, open- and closed-type cooling towers, pumps, valves, strainers, piping, and all fittings and components comprising the entire system.
66	D3.5 Air-Side Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating Systems. The scope of this section covers the operation and maintenance of air-side heating, cooling, and ventilating systems ducting; terminal units; and components comprising the entire system. D3.6 Perform heat exchanger testing on furnace heat exchangers at a minimum of once every three years per AHRI Guideline X, Induced Draft Furnace Heat Exchanger Inspection 7. D3.7 Review occupant hot/cold complaints and operator hot/cold observations. If the complaint is validated, do the following. D3.8 Maintain economizer systems. D3.9 Unitary Systems and Air-Handling Systems D3.10 Evaporative Cooling Systems D3.11 Geothermal Systems D3.12 Terminal Systems D3.13 Thermal Energy Storage Systems. The scope of this section covers thermal energy storage systems, ice-storage systems, phase-change storage systems, hot-water storage systems, and heat storage systems (e.g., using thermal mass). D4. Refrigeration Systems D4.1 Scope. The scope of Section D4 includes the operation and maintenance of refrigeration systems and equipment that do not supply comfort cooling, such as display case refrigeration systems, refrigerated warehouses, and all medium- and low-tempera… D4.2 Operations and Maintenance. O&M requirements for refrigeration systems include all applicable items in Section D6.1 plus the following.
67	D4.3 Maintain evaporator defrost system for proper operation. D4.4 Retail Store Product Display Refrigeration Systems D4.5 Walk-In Coolers and Freezers D4.6 Ice-Making Machines D4.7 Refrigerated Warehouses D5. Lighting Systems D5.1 The O&M program should include a lighting systems section. The lighting systems plan should include, as a minimum, the requirements listed in Section D5, which should be implemented at the time of compliance with this section and at three-year i… D5.2 Lighting Controls. The EM should inventory and verify correct operation, programming, and placement of all lighting controls. Lighting controls that have been disabled should be repaired and made functional. Functional testing should be performe… D5.3 Luminaire Integrity. The EM should survey all existing luminaires and create an as-built lighting schedule. This lighting schedule may be developed using a lighting survey tool. The EM should calculate and document the lighting power density and… D5.4 The current lighting schedule should be evaluated for opportunities for energy savings through implementation of energy efficiency measures (EEMs), such as those listed in Informative Annex E, Section 6 (nonresidential), or Section 7 (residentia… D5.5 Occupant Training D5.6 Lighting Maintenance. The O&M program should specify the following:
68	D5.7 Interior Lighting in Nonresidential Buildings. A lighting satisfaction survey should be conducted at least every three years and key issues identified and corrected as necessary. D6. Controls Systems D6.1 Scope. The scope of Section D6 includes all types of control and energy management systems and components used to control conditioned spaces within buildings. D6.2 All equipment should be maintained according to the manufacturer’s instructions. D6.3 Pneumatic Controls (including Pneumatic Sensors and Actuators) D6.4 Analog Controls D6.5 Direct Digital Controls (DDC) (including Electronic Sensors and Actuators)
69	D7. Electric Power Distribution and On-site Generation Systems D7.1 Scope. The scope of Section D7 covers aspects of O&M for the building electrical power system that relate to the facility’s energy efficiency. D7.2 O&M requirements for electric power distribution and on-site generation systems include all applicable items in Section D6.1 plus the following. D7.3 Each piece of on-site electrical generation equipment or built-up system should be maintained to the manufacturer’s instructions. D7.4 Metering and Submetering. Meters and submeters owned by the facility should be calibrated at least once every five years per the manufacturer’s instructions. D7.5 On-Site Electricity Generation
70	INFORMATIVE ANNEX E—ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES E1. Building Envelope E1.1 Walls E1.2 Roofs E1.3 Floors E1.4 Windows E1.5 Doors E1.6 Install separate smaller doors for people near the area of large vehicle doors air leakage. E1.7 Moisture Penetration E1.8 Reduce air leakage. E1.9 Install vapor barriers in walls, ceilings, and roofs. E2. HVAC systems E2.1 Ventilation
71	E2.2 HVAC Distribution Systems
72	E2.3 Building Automation and Control Systems E3. Refrigeration E3.1 Reduce Loads E3.2 Improve System Operating Efficiency
73	E4. Water Systems E4.1 Domestic Hot-Water Systems E4.2 Water Conservation E5. Energy Generation and Distribution E5.1 Boiler System E5.2 Chiller System
74	E5.3 Thermal Storage and Heat Pumps E5.4 Electric and Heat Cogeneration E6. Nonresidential Lighting E6.1 General. Check the current IES recommended light levels for the tasks in the facility. They may be lower than when the original lighting system was designed. Use these current recommended light levels to help shape all future lighting decisions,… E6.2 Daylighting E6.3 Luminaire Upgrades
75	E6.4 Signage E6.5 Lighting Controls E6.6 Exterior Lighting E6.7 Luminaire Layout E6.8 Other E7. Residential Lighting E7.1 General
76	E7.2 Interior E7.3 Exterior E8. Electric Systems, Motors E8.1 Install energy-efficient transformers. Use infrared cameras to identify high-heat-loss transformers. E8.2 Install electrical meters for submetering lighting, elevators, plug loads, and HVAC equipment. E8.3 Reduce demand charges through load shedding, operational changes, and procedural changes. E8.4 Replace oversized electric motors with right-sized or slightly oversized motors. E8.5 Replace existing three-phase, 1 hp (746 W) and greater electric motors with premium-efficiency motors (often a better choice than rewinding motors). E8.6 Replace existing one-phase, 1 hp (746 W) and less motors with electrically commutated motors. E9. Appliances E9.1 Install appliances (clothes washers, dehumidifiers, dishwashers, freezers, refrigerators, room air cleaners and purifiers, office equipment, and televisions) that are certified as ENERGY STAR® compliant. E9.2 Reduce plug loads, using devices to shut off equipment not being used (use occupancy sensors or timers). E9.3 Install vending-machine controllers.
77	INFORMATIVE ANNEX F—STANDARD 100 COMPLIANCE FLOW CHART
78	INFORMATIVE ANNEX G—CLIMATE ZONES Figure G-1 U.S. climate zone map.
79	INFORMATIVE ANNEX H—SIMPLE PAYBACK AND LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS H1. Simple payback and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis H1.1 General. For small buildings and efficiency improvement measures with a payback period of fewer than five years, simple payback is probably adequate to make decisions. For federal buildings and for larger buildings or buildings with longer payba… H1.2 Simple Payback. Simple payback can best be described by the following equation: H1.3 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis. The evaluation tool that yields the most comprehensive analysis is called life-cycle cost analysis, which takes all capital, energy, and operating costs into account over the useful life of a facility or EEM. Life-cycle…
80	INFORMATIVE ANNEX I—BUILDING ENERGY MODELING I1. Building Energy Modeling I1.1 General. For larger, more complex buildings, computerized energy modeling can be a valuable tool in simulating the annual energy use of a building and in analyzing alternative energy efficiency measures (EEMs) or for optimizing energy efficiency… Table I-1 Annual Weather File Sources Table I-2 Design-Day Weather Data Sources
81	INFORMATIVE ANNEX J—DERIVATION OF ENERGY INTENSITY TARGETS FOR STANDARD 100
83	Table J-1 Ratios of Climate Zonal EUI to Average of All EUIs by Building Type
84	Figure J-1 U.S. climate zone map.
85	Table J-2 ASHRAE U.S. Climate Zones
86	Table J-3 CBE CS/RECS Total Site-Based Energy-Use Intensities
88	Table J-4 Energy Use Intensity Targets
90	Table J-5 Operating Shift Multipliers
91	Table J-6 Building Total Energy Use Targets (Site Energy)
92	Table J-7 Building Total Energy Use Targets (Source Energy)
93	Table J-8 Building Electricity Use Targets
94	Table J-9 Building Fossil Fuel Use Targets
95	INFORMATIVE ANNEX K—FUEL HEAT CONTENT CONVERSION RULES—”OTHER FUELS” Table K-1 Higher Heating Values
97	NORMATIVE ANNEX L—OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE IMPLEMENTATION L1. Responsible Party L2. Operations and Maintenance Program L2.1 Inventory of Items to be Inspected and Maintained. Components of building systems that impact the building’s performance shall be inventoried. This detailed list shall be used to establish unacceptable system condition indicators, inspection f… L2.2 Maintenance Plan Development. For any given facility, the maintenance plan shall be written and developed specifically to meet the size, design, scope, and complexity of the systems serving that facility. The plan shall describe required tasks, …
98	L2.3 Maintenance Plan Authorization and Execution. Inspection and maintenance tasks shall be performed on an established frequency or upon a documented observance of unacceptable condition. Whether authorized by written or verbal instructions, execut… L2.4 Revision of the Maintenance Program. The O&M program shall be reviewed, and revision considered, in any of the following situations:
99	INFORMATIVE ANNEX M—GUIDANCE ON BUILDING TYPE DEFINITIONS
100	Table M-1 Subtypes Included in CBECS 2003 Commercial Building Types
102	INFORMATIVE ANNEX N—ADDENDA DESCRIPTION INFORMATION Table N-1 Addenda to ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2015