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BSI PD IEC TS 62344:2022 2023

BSI PD IEC TS 62344:2022 2023

$215.11

Design of earth electrode stations for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links. General guidelines

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2023 98
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PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
4 Blank Page
5 CONTENTS
12 FOREWORD
14 INTRODUCTION
15 1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
19 4 System conditions
4.1 General principles
4.2 System parameters related to earth electrode design
4.2.1 Amplitude and duration of the current
4.2.2 Polarity
4.2.3 Designed lifespan
20 4.2.4 Common earth electrodes
5 Design of land electrode stations
5.1 Main technical parameters
5.1.1 General principles
5.1.2 Temperature rise
5.1.3 Earthing resistance
21 5.1.4 Step voltage
22 5.1.5 Touch voltage
5.1.6 Current density
5.1.7 Field intensity in fish ponds
5.2 Electrode site selection and parameter measurement
5.2.1 General principles
23 5.2.2 Data collection survey
5.2.3 Distance from converter station (substation)
5.2.4 Environment conditions, terrain and landform
5.2.5 Geophysical and geological surveys
5.2.6 Topographical map
5.2.7 Values selected during design
24 5.3 Earth electrode and associated components
5.3.1 General principles for material selection
5.3.2 Selection of electrode elements and characteristics
25 5.3.3 Chemical and physical properties of petroleum coke
5.3.4 Current-guiding system
5.3.5 Bus
Tables
Table 1 – Composition of iron-silicon alloy electrode
Table 2 – Chemical composition of the petroleum coke after calcination
Table 3 – Physical properties of petroleum coke used for earth electrodes
26 5.3.6 Electrode line and its monitoring device
5.4 Electrode arrangement
5.4.1 General principles
5.4.2 Filling coke
5.4.3 Selection of earth electrode shape
Figures
Figure 1 – Electrode cross-section
27 5.4.4 Earth electrode corridor (right of way)
5.4.5 Distance between sub-electrodes in the arrangement
5.4.6 Burial depth of the earth electrodes
Figure 2 – Vertical arrangement
28 5.4.7 Segmentation of earth electrodes
5.5 Minimum size of earth electrode
5.5.1 General principles
5.5.2 Total earth electrode length
5.5.3 Area of the surface of the coke-soil interface
29 5.5.4 Diameter of electrode elements
5.6 Current guiding system
5.6.1 General principles
5.6.2 Placement of the current-guiding wire
Table 4 – Electric corrosion characteristics of different materials
30 5.6.3 Connection of current-guiding wire
5.6.4 Selection of current-guiding wire cross-section
5.6.5 Insulation of the current-guiding wire
5.6.6 Disconnecting switch
Figure 3 – Placement of the current-guiding wire
31 5.6.7 Connection of the feeding cable
5.6.8 Connection of jumper cables
5.6.9 Selection of cable structure
5.6.10 Selection of cable cross-section
Figure 4 – Feeding cable
32 5.6.11 Selection of cable insulation
5.6.12 Cable welding position
5.6.13 Welding
5.6.14 Mechanical protection for cable
5.7 Auxiliary facilities
5.7.1 Online monitoring
5.7.2 Moisture replenishment
33 5.7.3 Exhaust equipment
5.7.4 Fence
5.7.5 Marker
6 Design of sea electrode station and shore electrode station
6.1 Main technical parameters
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Temperature rise
6.1.3 Earthing resistance
6.1.4 Step voltage
6.1.5 Touch voltage
6.1.6 Voltage gradient in water
34 6.1.7 Current density
6.2 Electrode site selection and parameter measurement
6.2.1 General principles
6.2.2 Data collection survey
6.2.3 Distance from converter station (substation)
6.2.4 Environment conditions
35 6.2.5 Measurement of ground/water parameters
6.3 Earth electrode and associated components
6.3.1 General principles for material selection
6.3.2 Common electrode elements and characteristics
36 6.3.3 Chemical properties of petroleum coke
6.3.4 Current-guiding system
6.3.5 Bus
6.3.6 Electrode line monitoring device
6.4 Electrode arrangement
6.4.1 General principles
6.4.2 Filling coke
6.4.3 Selection of earth electrode shape
Figure 5 – Sea electrode
37 6.4.4 Segmentation of earth electrodes
6.5 Current-guiding system
6.5.1 Placement of the current-guiding wire
6.5.2 Connection of current-guiding system
Figure 6 – Sea bottom electrode with titanium nets
38 6.5.3 Selection of cable cross-section
6.5.4 Insulation of the current-guiding system
6.5.5 Selection of cable structure
6.5.6 Mechanical protection for cable
6.6 Auxiliary facilities
7 Impact on surrounding facilities and mitigation measures
7.1 Impact on insulated metallic structures and mitigation measures
7.1.1 General principles
Figure 7 – Titanium net
39 7.1.2 Relevant limits
7.1.3 Mitigation measures
7.2 Impact on bare metallic structures
7.2.1 General principles
7.2.2 Relevant limits
7.2.3 Mitigation measures
7.3 Impact on the power system (power transformer, grounding network, and surrounding towers)
7.3.1 General principles
40 7.3.2 Relevant limits
7.3.3 Mitigation measures
7.4 Impact on electrified railway
7.5 Other facilities (such as greenhouses and water pipes)
Figure 8 – Impact of earth electrodes on AC systems (transformer, grounding network, tower)
41 Annexes
Annex A (informative) Basic concepts of earth electrodes
A.1 Basic concepts
A.2 Operation mode
A.2.1 General
A.2.2 Monopolar system
Figure A.1 – HVDC power transmission system structure
42 A.2.3 Bipolar system
Figure A.2 – Schematic diagram of monopolar earth/sea water return system
Figure A.3 – Schematic diagram of monopolar dedicated metallic return system
Figure A.4 – Schematic diagram of bipolar earth/sea water system
43 Figure A.5 – Schematic diagram of rigid bipolar system
44 A.2.4 Symmetric unbalanced system
A.2.5 Back-to-back converter station
A.3 Dangerous impact and accumulated impact
A.3.1 General
A.3.2 Safety risks of DC earth electrode
Figure A.6 – Schematic diagram of bipolar dedicated metallic return system
45 Figure A.7 – Schematic diagram of touch voltage and step voltage
46 Figure A.8 – Schematic diagram of single circular earth electrode
Figure A.9 – Axial distribution of step voltage of single circular earth electrode
47 Figure A.10 – 3-D distribution of step voltage of single circular earth electrode
Figure A.11 – Schematic diagram of double circular earth electrode
Figure A.12 – Axial distribution of step voltage of double circular earth electrode
48 Figure A.13 – 3-D distribution of step voltage of double circular earth electrode
Figure A.14 – Schematic diagram of triple circular earth electrode
49 A.3.3 Accumulated effect of DC earth electrodes
Figure A.15 – Axial distribution of step voltage of triple circular earth electrode
Figure A.16 – 3-D distribution of step voltage of triple circular earth electrode
50 A.4 Impact on an AC grid
A.4.1 General
51 A.4.2 DC current path to AC system
A.4.3 DC magnetic bias of AC transformer
53 Annex B (informative) Earth electrode design process
B.1 Site selection process
Figure B.1 – Flow chart of earth electrode site selection process
54 B.2 Earth electrode design process
55 Figure B.2 – Flow chart of earth electrode process
56 Annex C (informative) Test results of human body resistance
C.1 Basic information of test subjects
Figure C.1 – Age distribution of test samples
Figure C.2 – Height distribution of test samples
57 C.2 Test method
C.3 Test results
Figure C.3 – Weight distribution of test samples
Figure C.4 – Schematic diagram of test circuit
58 Figure C.5 – Histogram of foot-to-foot human body resistance distribution
Table C.1 – Statistical test results (foot-to-foot body resistance)
59 Figure C.6 – Cumulative probability distribution of foot-to-foot body resistance by occupation
Table C.2 – Cumulative probability distribution of foot-to-foot human body resistance
60 Annex D (informative) Soil parameter measurement method
D.1 General requirements
Table D.1 – Soil (rock) / Water resistivity
61 D.2 Measurement of resistivity of shallow ground
D.2.1 Measurement method of resistivity
Table D.2 – Soil volume thermal capacity
Table D.3 – Soil thermal conductivity
62 Figure D.1 – Equivalent circuit of Wenner method
Figure D.2 – Equivalent circuit of Schlumberger method
63 D.2.2 Measurement requirements
Figure D.3 – Equivalent circuit of dipole-dipole method
64 D.2.3 Measurement range
D.2.4 Data accuracy
D.2.5 Seasonal coefficient
D.2.6 Processing of measurement data
D.3 Measurement of resistivity of deep soil (MT method)
Table D.4 – Number of measurement points with different potential probes spacing
65 D.4 Measurement of soil volume thermal capacity
D.5 Measurement of soil thermal conductivity
66 D.6 Measurement of maximum natural temperature of soil
D.7 Measurement of soil moisture and groundwater table
D.8 Measurement of soil chemical characteristics
D.9 Geological exploration
D.10 Topographical map
67 Annex E (informative) Electrode line design
E.1 Overview
E.2 Main design principles
68 E.3 Selection and layout of conductor and earth wire
E.3.1 Selection of conductor
E.3.2 Selection of earth wire
E.3.3 Layout of conductor and earth wire
E.4 Insulation coordination and earthing for lightning protection
E.4.1 Type and number of insulators
E.4.2 Arcing horn gap
69 E.4.3 Earthing for lightning protection
E.5 Other considerations
70 Annex F (informative) Assessment of measurement method
F.1 General guidance
F.2 Experiment (testing) items
F.2.1 Visual inspection of the earth electrode
F.2.2 Current guiding system current distribution measurement
71 F.2.3 Measurement of earthing resistance
F.2.4 Measurement of step voltage on the ground and potential gradient in water near the earth electrode
72 F.2.5 Measurement of touch voltage
F.2.6 Measurement of soil surface potential profile
73 F.2.7 Measurement of earth electrode temperature rise
74 Annex G (informative) Earth electrode electrical parameter calculation method
G.1 General
G.2 Network method calculation model for DC earth electrode
G.3 Moment method calculation model for DC earth electrodes
Figure G.1 – π shape equivalent circuit of an individual earth electrode unit
75 Figure G.2 – Ohm’s law applied to cylinder conductor
Figure G.3 – Continuity of axial component of the electric field in the soil and in the conductor
Figure G.4 – Spatial division of the earth electrode
76 Figure G.5 – Network for solving axis current
77 Figure G.6 – Horizontally layered soil
79 G.4 Finite element method calculation model for DC earth electrodes
Figure G.7 – Geometrical structure of a tetrahedron unit
81 G.5 Calculation of earthing resistance, step voltage, touch voltage, electric field intensity and current density
G.5.1 General
G.5.2 Calculation of earthing resistance
G.5.3 Calculation of step voltage
G.5.4 Calculation of touch voltage
G.5.5 Calculation of electric field intensity
82 G.5.6 Calculation of current density
G.6 Application description
G.6.1 Original parameters
G.6.2 Example using the moment method
83 Figure G.8 – Structure of a double-circle DC earth electrode
Table G.1 – Model of soil with two layers
84 Figure G.9 – Ground potential and step voltage distribution of a double-circle earth electrode
85 Annex H (informative) Thermal time constant
Figure H.1 – Earth electrode temperature rise characteristics
87 Annex I (informative) Online monitoring system
I.1 Schematic diagram of online monitoring system
I.2 Composition of online monitoring system
Figure I.1 – Schematic diagram of earth electrode online monitoring system
89 Annex J (informative) Calculation method for corrosion of nearby metal structures caused by earth electrodes
J.1 Consumption of metal structure due to corrosion
J.2 Estimate of leakage current in metal pipes
90 J.3 Calculation of the leakage current of the metal pipe
Figure J.1 – Calculation of current flowing through a metal pipe
91 Annex K (informative) Calculation method for DC current flowing through AC transformer neutral near earth electrodes
Figure K.1 – Schematic diagram of ground resistance network and underground voltage source
93 Figure K.2 – Circuit model for the analysis of DC distribution of AC systems
94 Annex L (informative) Chemical processes in sea electrodes
95 Annex M (informative) Simple introduction of shore electrodes
M.1 General
M.2 Beach electrodes
M.3 Pond electrodes
Figure M.1 – Top view of shore electrode, beach type
Figure M.2 – Shore electrode, pond type
97 Bibliography

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BSI PD IEC TS 62344:2022 2023
$215.11