IEEE C57.104-2019(Redline)

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IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Mineral Oil-Immersed Transformers (Redline)

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
IEEE	2019	98

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Description

Revision Standard – Active. Detailed procedures for interpreting Dissolved Gas Analysis results are described in this guide. The document details: 1) Overview of gas generation in transformer and DGA process; 2) The purpose and application of DGA; 3) DGA quality verification and DGA limitations; 4) DGA interpretation and norms; 5) Fault type definitions and identification; 6) Case studies and interpretation example. The intent is to provide the operator with useful information concerning the serviceability of the equipment. An extensive bibliography on gas evolution, detection, and interpretation is included.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	IEEE Std C57.104™-2019 Front Cover
2	Title Page
4	Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents
7	Participants
10	Introduction
13	1. Overview
14	1.1 Scope 1.2 Purpose
16	2. Normative references
17	3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions
18	3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations
19	4. The nature, purpose, and application of dissolved-gas analysis 4.1 The nature of dissolved-gas analysis
21	4.2 The purpose of DGA 4.3 The application of DGA 4.3.1 Basic risk management
22	4.3.2 Detection and monitoring of abnormalities 4.3.3 Quality assurance metric
23	4.3.4 DGA samples following a transformer trip 4.4 DGA sampling context
24	4.5 Procedures for obtaining samples from the transformer for laboratory analysis
25	5. DGA data interpretation 5.1 Data quality review
26	5.1.1 Transcription and typographical errors 5.1.2 Missing or duplicated data 5.1.3 Misidentified or swapped sample 5.1.4 Sample mishandling 5.1.4.1 Air exposure 5.1.4.2 Air contamination
27	5.1.5 Cross contamination 5.1.6 Inconsistent values 5.1.7 Chronically absent or low hydrogen 5.1.8 Inconsistent O2/N2 ratio 5.2 Reliability of DGA results 5.2.1 Accuracy
28	5.2.2 Consistency
29	5.3 Context of DGA data interpretation 5.3.1 Initial verification test protocol
33	6. Suggested interpretation procedures for DGA results 6.1 General
34	6.1.1 DGA interpretation procedure
44	Annex A (informative)Data research and findings A.1 Data collection and preparation
46	A.2 Dataset characteristics
50	A.3 Future work
51	Annex B (informative)DGA data(Evaluating the rate of gas level change B.1 Impact of DGA limitations on the selection and use of rate norms
53	B.2 Example 1
56	B.3 Example 2
58	B.4 Example 3
59	B.5 General application
60	Annex C (informative)Typical faults C.1 The six basic types of faults C.2 Additional sub-types of faults
62	Annex D (informative)Fault identification methods D.1 Key Gas method D.2 Doernenburg Ratios method
63	D.3 Duval Pentagon 1 method
64	D.4 Duval Triangles 1, 4 and 5 methods
68	D.5 Duval Pentagon 2 method
71	Annex E (informative)Case studies E.1 Unintentional core ground
73	E.2 LV connections issues
76	E.3 Internal transformer arcing causes relay protective action
78	E.4 De-energized tap changer (DETC) high resistance connection
79	E.5 Broken connector on fuse holder
82	Annex F (informative)Evaluation of fault severity—alternative method
85	Annex G (informative)Historical material G.1 (4) General theory G.1.1 (4.1) Cellulosic decomposition G.1.2 (4.2) Oil decomposition
86	G.2 (6.3) Determining the gas space and dissolved gas-in-oil equivalents
87	G.3 (6.5.1) Determining the transformer condition and operating procedure utilizing TCG in the gas space
88	G.4 (6.7.1) Evaluation of possible fault type by the Doernenburg Ratio method
90	G.5 (7) Instruments for detecting and determining the amount of dissolved gases present G.5.1 (7.1) Portable instruments G.5.2 (9.4) Determination of individual gases present in the gas blanket
91	Annex H (informative)Bibliography H.1 Gas evolution
92	H.2 Detection and interpretation H.2.1 Gas detector relay H.2.2 Gas cushion in sealed transformers
94	H.2.3 Dissolved gas in insulating liquid
98	Back Cover

Additional information

Standard Title	IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Mineral Oil-Immersed Transformers (Redline)
Published Code	IEEE
Publication Date	2019
Pages Count	98

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IEEE C57.104-2019(Redline)

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