{"id":180186,"date":"2024-10-19T11:14:57","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T11:14:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/ashrae-standard-100-2018\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T03:32:34","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T03:32:34","slug":"ashrae-standard-100-2018","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/ashrae\/ashrae-standard-100-2018\/","title":{"rendered":"ASHRAE Standard 100 2018"},"content":{"rendered":"

Standard 100 provides criteria that will result in reduced energy consumption through improved energy efficiency and performance in existing buildings. This standard is directed toward providing procedures and programs essential to energy efficient operation, mainte- nance, management, and monitoring; increasing the energy efficiency of the energy-using systems and components; and upgrading the thermal performance of the building envelope.<\/p>\n

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1<\/td>\nANSI\/ASHRAE\/IES Standard 100-2018 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nCONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\n1. PURPOSE
1.1 This standard provides criteria that will result in reduced energy consumption through improved energy efficiency and performance in existing buildings.
1.2 This standard is directed toward providing procedures and programs essential to energy efficient operation, maintenance, management, and monitoring; increasing the energy efficiency of the energy-using systems and components; and upgrading the th…
2. SCOPE
3. DEFINITIONS
3.1 General. Certain terms, abbreviations, and acronyms are defined in this section for the purposes of this standard. These definitions are applicable to all sections of this standard. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n3.2 Abbreviations and Acronyms
4. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Building Type Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n4.2 Energy Management Plan and Operations and Maintenance Program
4.3 Building Energy Use
4.4 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\n5. ENERGY MANAGEMENT PLAN
5.1 Establish the Energy Management Plan
5.2 Building Energy Monitoring. Building net energy use shall be monitored and recorded in accordance with following sections. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\n5.3 Energy Manager. The EM shall be responsible for the following.
Figure 5-1 Net energy concept.
Table 5-1 Energy Flow Definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nTable 5-2a Site Energy Conversion Factors
Table 5-2b Primary Energy Conversion Factors
6. OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS
6.1 Scope. Section 6 applies to the building envelope, building systems, and building equipment that directly or indirectly consume energy.
6.2 Operations and Maintenance Program. A formal operations and maintenance (O&M) program shall be established and implemented in order that the building energy-using systems achieve their intended energy efficiency throughout their service life.
6.3 Operation and Maintenance Implementation. The O&M program shall be implemented in accordance with Normative Annex L.
6.4 Operations and Maintenance Tasks
6.5 Tenant Improvements. The energy manager (EM) shall put in place a formal process to ensure that any tenant improvements involving a change in space use or the relocation of partitions (including partial height partitions) do not change the annual…
6.6 Equipment and Component Replacement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n7. ENERGY-USE ANALYSIS AND TARGET REQUIREMENTS
7.1 Building Type and Energy Targets
7.2 Determining Energy Target (EUIt) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\nTable 7-1 Commercial and Residential Building Types\/Activities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\nTable 7-2a Building Activity Site Energy Targets (EUIt1) (I-P Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nTable 7-2a Building Activity Site Energy Targets (EUIt1) (SI Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\nTable 7-2b Building Activity Source Energy Targets (EUIt1) (I-P Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\nTable 7-2b Building Activity Source Energy Targets (EUIt1) (SI Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\nTable 7-2c Building Activity Electricity Site Energy Use Targets (ELUIt1) (I-P Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\nTable 7-2c Building Activity Electricity Site Energy Use Targets (ELUIt1) (SI Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nTable 7-2d Building Activity Fossil Fuel Site Energy Use Targets (FEUIt1) (I-P Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\nTable 7-2d Building Activity Fossil Fuel Site Energy Use Targets (FEUIt1) (SI Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\nTable 7-3 Building Operating Shifts Normalization Factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n8. ENERGY AUDIT REQUIREMENTS
8.1 The qualified energy auditor shall complete Forms D and\/or E and submit to the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). If an energy audit is required within this section, a copy of the audit summary results shall be included in the compliance docume…
8.2 Energy Audit Requirements for Buildings without Energy Targets
8.3 Energy Audit Requirements for Buildings with Energy Targets
8.4 Energy Audit Levels. This section outlines the requirements for Level 1 and Level 2 energy audits for buildings. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\n8.5 Energy Audit Report. This section prescribes the overall approaches and methods to be used in the energy audit report for audits completed under Sections 8.4.1 or 8.4.2. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\n9. IMPLEMENTATION AND VERIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
9.1 Developing and Implementing an Energy Management Plan
9.2 Verification of Implemented EEMs
9.3 Compliance. The qualified person shall complete the compliance documentation as required in Section 4.
10. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND DWELLING UNITS
10.1 Compliance Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\n10.2 Energy-Use Intensity
10.3 Operations and Maintenance (O&M)
Table 10-1 Building Types Derived from RECS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\nTable 10-2a Building Activity Site Energy Targets, kBtu\/ft2\u00b7yr (I-P Units)
Table 10-2a Building Activity Site Energy Targets, MJ\/m2\u00b7yr (SI Units)
Table 10-2b Building Activity Source Energy Targets, kBtu\/ft2\u00b7yr (I-P Units)
Table 10-2b Building Activity Source Energy Targets, MJ\/m2\u00b7yr (SI Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\n10.4 Energy Audit Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\n10.5 Implementation and Verification Requirements
10.6 Monitoring. Upon implementation of EEMs, the building\u2019s EUI shall be monitored until 12 consecutive months of energy-use data demonstrate that the energy target has been met and Form A is submitted to the AHJ.
11. REFERENCES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\nNORMATIVE ANNEX A\u2014ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INTENSITY TARGETS
A1. Alternative Site Energy Use Intensity and Source Energy Use Intensity Targets Tables
A1.1 Alternative Source Energy Use Intensity Target Calculations. Electricity use and fossil fuel use targets listed in Tables A-3 and A-4 shall be permitted to be used in source energy EUI target (EUIt1) calculations by authorities having jurisdicti… <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\nTable A-1 Alternative Building Activity Site Energy Targets (I-P Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\nTable A-1 Alternative Building Activity Site Energy Targets (SI Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\nTable A-2 Alternative Building Activity Source Energy Targets (I-P Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\nTable A-2 Alternative Building Activity Source Energy Targets (SI Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\nTable A-3 Alternative Building Activity Electricity Site Energy Use Targets (I-P Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\nTable A-3 Alternative Building Activity Electricity Site Energy Use Targets (SI Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\nTable A-4 Alternative Building Activity Fossil Fuel Site Energy Use Targets (I-P Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\nTable A-4 Alternative Building Activity Fossil Fuel Site Energy Use Targets (SI Units) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\nINFORMATIVE ANNEX B\u2014TIMELINE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\nTable B-1 Compliance Timeline for Buildings with Energy Targets
Table B-2 Compliance Timeline for Buildings without Energy Targets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\nNORMATIVE ANNEX C\u2014FORMS
Form A\u2014Compliance with Standard 100 (Continued) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\nForm B\u2014Building Activity and Energy Target (EUIt) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\nForm C\u2014Energy-Use Intensity Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\nForm D\u2014End Use Analysis Requirements Level 1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\nForm E\u2014End Use Analysis Requirements Level 2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\nINFORMATIVE ANNEX D\u2014OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING SYSTEMS AND ELEMENTS
D1. Building Envelope
D1.1 Operations and maintenance (O&M) requirements for the building envelope should include all applicable items in Section 6 plus the following.
D1.2 The energy manager (EM) should verify a building envelope inspection is performed at least once every three years. Corrective action should be taken as needed, including addressing all items below.
D1.3 Seal all exterior joints in the building envelope, and all around penetrations of the building envelope by utility services.
D1.4 Replace broken or missing windows.
D1.5 Repair or replace exterior door weather stripping, threshold, and door sweeps as needed.
D1.6 Seal or cap obsolete shafts, chimneys, and other air chases.
D1.7 Repair or replace existing door closers on exterior doors.
D1.8 The EM shall develop, document, and distribute procedures to building personnel for energy-efficient operation of exterior doors, loading docks, and operable windows.
D2. Domestic Hot-Water Systems
D2.1 General Requirements
D2.2 Hot-Water Heaters
D3. Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems
D3.1 Scope. The scope of Section D3 includes HVAC systems and components used to condition spaces within buildings. The O&M requirements for these systems and their components should minimize energy use over time, while providing heating, ventilation…
D3.2 General Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\nD3.3 Boiler Systems. The scope of this section covers the operation and maintenance of boilers, flues\/vents, feed water equipment, piping, valves, steam traps, strainers, all fittings, and components comprising the entire system.
D3.4 Chilled-Water Systems. The scope of this section covers the operation and maintenance of chillers, condensers, open- and closed-type cooling towers, pumps, valves, strainers, piping, and all fittings and components comprising the entire system. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\nD3.5 Air-Side Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating Systems. The scope of this section covers the operation and maintenance of air-side heating, cooling, and ventilating systems ducting; terminal units; and components comprising the entire system.
D3.6 Perform heat exchanger testing on furnace heat exchangers at a minimum of once every three years per AHRI Guideline X, Induced Draft Furnace Heat Exchanger Inspection 7.
D3.7 Review occupant hot\/cold complaints and operator hot\/cold observations. If the complaint is validated, do the following.
D3.8 Maintain economizer systems.
D3.9 Unitary Systems and Air-Handling Systems
D3.10 Evaporative Cooling Systems
D3.11 Geothermal Systems
D3.12 Terminal Systems
D3.13 Thermal Energy Storage Systems. The scope of this section covers thermal energy storage systems, ice-storage systems, phase-change storage systems, hot-water storage systems, and heat storage systems (e.g., using thermal mass).
D4. Refrigeration Systems
D4.1 Scope. The scope of Section D4 includes the operation and maintenance of refrigeration systems and equipment that do not supply comfort cooling, such as display case refrigeration systems, refrigerated warehouses, and all medium- and low-tempera…
D4.2 Operations and Maintenance. O&M requirements for refrigeration systems include all applicable items in Section D6.1 plus the following. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\nD4.3 Maintain evaporator defrost system for proper operation.
D4.4 Retail Store Product Display Refrigeration Systems
D4.5 Walk-In Coolers and Freezers
D4.6 Ice-Making Machines
D4.7 Refrigerated Warehouses
D5. Lighting Systems
D5.1 The O&M program should include a lighting systems section. The lighting systems plan should include, as a minimum, the requirements listed in Section D5, which should be implemented at the time of compliance with this section and at three-year i…
D5.2 Lighting Controls. The EM should inventory and verify correct operation, programming, and placement of all lighting controls. Lighting controls that have been disabled should be repaired and made functional. Functional testing should be performe…
D5.3 Luminaire Integrity. The EM should survey all existing luminaires and create an as-built lighting schedule. This lighting schedule may be developed using a lighting survey tool. The EM should calculate and document the lighting power density and…
D5.4 The current lighting schedule should be evaluated for opportunities for energy savings through implementation of energy efficiency measures (EEMs), such as those listed in Informative Annex E, Section 6 (nonresidential), or Section 7 (residentia…
D5.5 Occupant Training
D5.6 Lighting Maintenance. The O&M program should specify the following: <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\nD5.7 Interior Lighting in Nonresidential Buildings. A lighting satisfaction survey should be conducted at least every three years and key issues identified and corrected as necessary.
D6. Controls Systems
D6.1 Scope. The scope of Section D6 includes all types of control and energy management systems and components used to control conditioned spaces within buildings.
D6.2 All equipment should be maintained according to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions.
D6.3 Pneumatic Controls (including Pneumatic Sensors and Actuators)
D6.4 Analog Controls
D6.5 Direct Digital Controls (DDC) (including Electronic Sensors and Actuators) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\nD7. Electric Power Distribution and On-site Generation Systems
D7.1 Scope. The scope of Section D7 covers aspects of O&M for the building electrical power system that relate to the facility\u2019s energy efficiency.
D7.2 O&M requirements for electric power distribution and on-site generation systems include all applicable items in Section D6.1 plus the following.
D7.3 Each piece of on-site electrical generation equipment or built-up system should be maintained to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions.
D7.4 Metering and Submetering. Meters and submeters owned by the facility should be calibrated at least once every five years per the manufacturer\u2019s instructions.
D7.5 On-Site Electricity Generation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\nINFORMATIVE ANNEX E\u2014ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES
E1. Building Envelope
E1.1 Walls
E1.2 Roofs
E1.3 Floors
E1.4 Windows
E1.5 Doors
E1.6 Install separate smaller doors for people near the area of large vehicle doors air leakage.
E1.7 Moisture Penetration
E1.8 Reduce air leakage.
E1.9 Install vapor barriers in walls, ceilings, and roofs.
E2. HVAC systems
E2.1 Ventilation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\nE2.2 HVAC Distribution Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\nE2.3 Building Automation and Control Systems
E3. Refrigeration
E3.1 Reduce Loads
E3.2 Improve System Operating Efficiency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\nE4. Water Systems
E4.1 Domestic Hot-Water Systems
E4.2 Water Conservation
E5. Energy Generation and Distribution
E5.1 Boiler System
E5.2 Chiller System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\nE5.3 Thermal Storage and Heat Pumps
E5.4 Electric and Heat Cogeneration
E6. Nonresidential Lighting
E6.1 General. Check the current IES recommended light levels for the tasks in the facility. They may be lower than when the original lighting system was designed. Use these current recommended light levels to help shape all future lighting decisions,…
E6.2 Daylighting
E6.3 Luminaire Upgrades <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\nE6.4 Signage
E6.5 Lighting Controls
E6.6 Exterior Lighting
E6.7 Luminaire Layout
E6.8 Other
E7. Residential Lighting
E7.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\nE7.2 Interior
E7.3 Exterior
E8. Electric Systems, Motors
E8.1 Install energy-efficient transformers. Use infrared cameras to identify high-heat-loss transformers.
E8.2 Install electrical meters for submetering lighting, elevators, plug loads, and HVAC equipment.
E8.3 Reduce demand charges through load shedding, operational changes, and procedural changes.
E8.4 Replace oversized electric motors with right-sized or slightly oversized motors.
E8.5 Replace existing three-phase, 1 hp (746 W) and greater electric motors with premium-efficiency motors (often a better choice than rewinding motors).
E8.6 Replace existing one-phase, 1 hp (746 W) and less motors with electrically commutated motors.
E9. Appliances
E9.1 Install appliances (clothes washers, dehumidifiers, dishwashers, freezers, refrigerators, room air cleaners and purifiers, office equipment, and televisions) that are certified as ENERGY STAR\u00ae compliant.
E9.2 Reduce plug loads, using devices to shut off equipment not being used (use occupancy sensors or timers).
E9.3 Install vending-machine controllers. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\nINFORMATIVE ANNEX F\u2014STANDARD 100 COMPLIANCE FLOW CHART <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nINFORMATIVE ANNEX G\u2014CLIMATE ZONES
Figure G-1 U.S. climate zone map. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\nINFORMATIVE ANNEX H\u2014SIMPLE PAYBACK AND LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS
H1. Simple payback and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
H1.1 General. For small buildings and efficiency improvement measures with a payback period of fewer than five years, simple payback is probably adequate to make decisions. For federal buildings and for larger buildings or buildings with longer payba…
H1.2 Simple Payback. Simple payback can best be described by the following equation:
H1.3 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis. The evaluation tool that yields the most comprehensive analysis is called life-cycle cost analysis, which takes all capital, energy, and operating costs into account over the useful life of a facility or EEM. Life-cycle… <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nINFORMATIVE ANNEX I\u2014BUILDING ENERGY MODELING
I1. Building Energy Modeling
I1.1 General. For larger, more complex buildings, computerized energy modeling can be a valuable tool in simulating the annual energy use of a building and in analyzing alternative energy efficiency measures (EEMs) or for optimizing energy efficiency…
Table I-1 Annual Weather File Sources
Table I-2 Design-Day Weather Data Sources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\nINFORMATIVE ANNEX J\u2014DERIVATION OF ENERGY INTENSITY TARGETS FOR STANDARD 100 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\nTable J-1 Ratios of Climate Zonal EUI to Average of All EUIs by Building Type <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nFigure J-1 U.S. climate zone map. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\nTable J-2 ASHRAE U.S. Climate Zones <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\nTable J-3 CBE CS\/RECS Total Site-Based Energy-Use Intensities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\nTable J-4 Energy Use Intensity Targets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\nTable J-5 Operating Shift Multipliers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\nTable J-6 Building Total Energy Use Targets (Site Energy) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\nTable J-7 Building Total Energy Use Targets (Source Energy) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\nTable J-8 Building Electricity Use Targets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nTable J-9 Building Fossil Fuel Use Targets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\nINFORMATIVE ANNEX K\u2014FUEL HEAT CONTENT CONVERSION RULES\u2014”OTHER FUELS”
Table K-1 Higher Heating Values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\nNORMATIVE ANNEX L\u2014OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE IMPLEMENTATION
L1. Responsible Party
L2. Operations and Maintenance Program
L2.1 Inventory of Items to be Inspected and Maintained. Components of building systems that impact the building\u2019s performance shall be inventoried. This detailed list shall be used to establish unacceptable system condition indicators, inspection f…
L2.2 Maintenance Plan Development. For any given facility, the maintenance plan shall be written and developed specifically to meet the size, design, scope, and complexity of the systems serving that facility. The plan shall describe required tasks, … <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\nL2.3 Maintenance Plan Authorization and Execution. Inspection and maintenance tasks shall be performed on an established frequency or upon a documented observance of unacceptable condition. Whether authorized by written or verbal instructions, execut…
L2.4 Revision of the Maintenance Program. The O&M program shall be reviewed, and revision considered, in any of the following situations: <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\nINFORMATIVE ANNEX M\u2014GUIDANCE ON BUILDING TYPE DEFINITIONS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\nTable M-1 Subtypes Included in CBECS 2003 Commercial Building Types <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\nINFORMATIVE ANNEX N\u2014ADDENDA DESCRIPTION INFORMATION
Table N-1 Addenda to ANSI\/ASHRAE\/IES Standard 100-2015 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ASHRAE Standard 100-2018 – Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ASHRAE<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2018<\/td>\n106<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":180188,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2719],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-180186","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-ashrae","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/180186","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/180188"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=180186"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=180186"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=180186"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}