{"id":255926,"date":"2024-10-19T16:55:12","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T16:55:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/bs-en-iec-61400-12019-2\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T12:24:08","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T12:24:08","slug":"bs-en-iec-61400-12019-2","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/bsi\/bs-en-iec-61400-12019-2\/","title":{"rendered":"BS EN IEC 61400-1:2019"},"content":{"rendered":"
This part of IEC 61400 specifies essential design requirements to ensure the structural integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime.<\/p>\n
This document is concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines such as control and protection functions, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems and support structures.<\/p>\n
This document applies to wind turbines of all sizes. For small wind turbines, IEC 61400\u20112 can be applied. IEC 61400\u20113\u20111 provides additional requirements to offshore wind turbine installations.<\/p>\n
This document is intended to be used together with the appropriate IEC and ISO standards mentioned in Clause 2.<\/p>\n
PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
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2<\/td>\n | undefined <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
6<\/td>\n | Annex ZA(normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
9<\/td>\n | CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
17<\/td>\n | FOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
19<\/td>\n | INTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
20<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Normative references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
22<\/td>\n | 3 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
30<\/td>\n | 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 4.1 Symbols and units <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
33<\/td>\n | 4.2 Abbreviated terms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
34<\/td>\n | 5 Principal elements 5.1 General 5.2 Design methods 5.3 Safety classes 5.4 Quality assurance 5.5 Wind turbine markings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
35<\/td>\n | 6 External conditions 6.1 General 6.2 Wind turbine classes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
36<\/td>\n | Tables Table 1 \u2013 Basic parameters for wind turbine classes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
37<\/td>\n | 6.3 Wind conditions 6.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
38<\/td>\n | 6.3.2 Normal wind conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
39<\/td>\n | Figures Figure 1 \u2013 Turbulence standard deviation and turbulence intensity for the normal turbulence model (NTM) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
40<\/td>\n | 6.3.3 Extreme wind conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
41<\/td>\n | Figure 2 \u2013 Example of extreme operating gust <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
42<\/td>\n | Figure 3 \u2013 Example of extreme direction change magnitude Figure 4 \u2013 Example of extreme direction change transient <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
43<\/td>\n | Figure 5 \u2013 Example of extreme coherent gust amplitude for ECD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
44<\/td>\n | Figure 6 \u2013 Direction change for ECD Figure 7 \u2013 Example of direction change transient <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
45<\/td>\n | 6.4 Other environmental conditions 6.4.1 General Figure 8 \u2013 Examples of extreme positive and negative vertical wind shear, wind profile before onset (t = 0, dashed line) and at maximum shear (t = 6 s, full line) Figure 9 \u2013 Example of wind speeds at rotor top and bottom, respectively, which illustrate the transient positive wind shear <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
46<\/td>\n | 6.4.2 Normal other environmental conditions 6.4.3 Extreme other environmental conditions 6.5 Electrical power network conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
47<\/td>\n | 7 Structural design 7.1 General 7.2 Design methodology 7.3 Loads 7.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
48<\/td>\n | 7.3.2 Gravitational and inertial loads 7.3.3 Aerodynamic loads 7.3.4 Actuation loads 7.3.5 Other loads 7.4 Design situations and load cases 7.4.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
50<\/td>\n | Table 2 \u2013 Design load cases (DLC) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
51<\/td>\n | 7.4.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.5) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
52<\/td>\n | 7.4.3 Power production plus occurrence of fault or loss of electrical network connection (DLC 2.1 to 2.5) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
54<\/td>\n | 7.4.4 Start-up (DLC 3.1 to 3.3) 7.4.5 Normal shutdown (DLC 4.1 to 4.2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
55<\/td>\n | 7.4.6 Emergency stop (DLC 5.1) 7.4.7 Parked (standstill or idling) (DLC 6.1 to 6.4) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
56<\/td>\n | 7.4.8 Parked plus fault conditions (DLC 7.1) 7.4.9 Transport, assembly, maintenance and repair (DLC 8.1 and 8.2) 7.5 Load calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
57<\/td>\n | 7.6 Ultimate limit state analysis 7.6.1 Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
60<\/td>\n | 7.6.2 Ultimate strength analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
61<\/td>\n | Table 3 \u2013 Partial safety factors for loads \u03b3 \nf <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
63<\/td>\n | 7.6.3 Fatigue failure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
64<\/td>\n | 7.6.4 Stability 7.6.5 Critical deflection analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
65<\/td>\n | 7.6.6 Special partial safety factors 8 Control system 8.1 General 8.2 Control functions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
66<\/td>\n | 8.3 Protection functions 8.4 Control system failure analysis 8.4.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
67<\/td>\n | 8.4.2 Independence and common-cause failures 8.4.3 Fault exclusions 8.4.4 Failure mode return periods 8.4.5 Systematic failures 8.5 Manual operation 8.6 Emergency stop button function <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
68<\/td>\n | 8.7 Manual, automatic, and remote restart <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
69<\/td>\n | 8.8 Braking system 9 Mechanical systems 9.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
70<\/td>\n | 9.2 Errors of fitting 9.3 Hydraulic or pneumatic systems 9.4 Main gearbox 9.5 Yaw system Table 4 \u2013 Minimum safety factor SH,min and SF,min for the yaw gear system <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
71<\/td>\n | 9.6 Pitch system 9.7 Protection function mechanical brakes 9.8 Rolling element bearings 9.8.1 General 9.8.2 Main shaft bearings 9.8.3 Generator bearings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
72<\/td>\n | 9.8.4 Pitch and yaw bearings 10 Electrical system 10.1 General 10.2 General requirements for the electrical system 10.3 Internal environmental conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
74<\/td>\n | 10.4 Protective devices 10.5 Disconnection from supply sources 10.6 Earth system 10.7 Lightning protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
75<\/td>\n | 10.8 Electrical cables 10.9 Self-excitation 10.10 Protection against lightning electromagnetic impulse 10.11 Power quality <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
76<\/td>\n | 10.12 Electromagnetic compatibility 10.13 Power electronic converter systems and equipment 10.14 Twist\/drip loop 10.15 Slip rings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
77<\/td>\n | 10.16 Vertical power transmission conductors and components 10.17 Motor drives and converters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
78<\/td>\n | 10.18 Electrical machines 10.19 Power transformers 10.20 Low voltage switchgear and controlgear 10.21 High voltage switchgear <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
79<\/td>\n | 10.22 Hubs 11 Assessment of a wind turbine for site-specific conditions 11.1 General 11.2 Assessment of the topographical complexity of the site and its effect on turbulence 11.2.1 Assessment of the topographical complexity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
80<\/td>\n | Figure 10 \u2013 Examples of 30\u00b0 sectors for fitting the terrain data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
81<\/td>\n | Figure 11 \u2013 Terrain variation (\u0394z) and terrain slope (\u03b8 ) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
82<\/td>\n | 11.2.2 Assessment of turbulence structure at the site Table 5 \u2013 Threshold values of the terrain complexity categories L, M and H Table 6 \u2013 Values of lateral and vertical turbulence standard deviations relative to the longitudinal component depending on terrain complexity category L, M and H <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
83<\/td>\n | 11.3 Wind conditions required for assessment 11.3.1 General 11.3.2 Wind condition parameters Table 7 \u2013 Values of turbulence structure correction parameter depending on terrain complexity category L, M and H <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
84<\/td>\n | 11.3.3 Measurement setup <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
85<\/td>\n | 11.3.4 Data evaluation 11.4 Assessment of wake effects from neighbouring wind turbines 11.5 Assessment of other environmental conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
86<\/td>\n | 11.6 Assessment of earthquake conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
87<\/td>\n | 11.7 Assessment of electrical network conditions 11.8 Assessment of soil conditions 11.9 Assessment of structural integrity by reference to wind data 11.9.1 General 11.9.2 Assessment of the fatigue load suitability by reference to wind data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
88<\/td>\n | Figure 12 \u2013 Possible combinations of normalized mean wind speed and Weibull shape parameter k (shaded area) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
89<\/td>\n | 11.9.3 Assessment of the ultimate load suitability by reference to wind data 11.10 Assessment of structural integrity by load calculations with reference to site-specific conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
90<\/td>\n | 12 Assembly, installation and erection 12.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
91<\/td>\n | 12.2 Planning 12.3 Installation conditions 12.4 Site access 12.5 Environmental conditions 12.6 Documentation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
92<\/td>\n | 12.7 Receiving, handling and storage 12.8 Foundation\/anchor systems 12.9 Assembly of wind turbine 12.10 Erection of wind turbine 12.11 Fasteners and attachments 12.12 Cranes, hoists and lifting equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
93<\/td>\n | 13 Commissioning, operation and maintenance 13.1 General 13.2 Design requirements for safe operation, inspection and maintenance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
94<\/td>\n | 13.3 Instructions concerning commissioning 13.3.1 General 13.3.2 Energization 13.3.3 Commissioning tests 13.3.4 Records 13.3.5 Post commissioning activities 13.4 Operator\u2019s instruction manual 13.4.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
95<\/td>\n | 13.4.2 Instructions for operations and maintenance records 13.4.3 Instructions for unscheduled automatic shutdown 13.4.4 Instructions for diminished reliability 13.4.5 Work procedures plan <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
96<\/td>\n | 13.4.6 Emergency procedures plan 13.5 Maintenance manual <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
97<\/td>\n | 14 Cold climate 14.1 General 14.2 Low temperature and icing climate 14.3 External conditions for cold climate 14.3.1 General 14.3.2 Wind turbine class for cold climate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
98<\/td>\n | 14.4 Structural design 14.5 Design situations and load cases 14.5.1 General 14.5.2 Load calculations 14.5.3 Selection of suitable materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
99<\/td>\n | 14.6 Control systems 14.7 Mechanical systems 14.8 Electrical systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
100<\/td>\n | Annexes Annex A (normative) Design parameters for external conditions A.1 Design parameters for describing wind turbine class S A.1.1 General A.1.2 Machine parameters A.1.3 Wind conditions A.1.4 Electrical network conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
101<\/td>\n | A.1.5 Other environmental conditions (where taken into account) A.2 Additional design parameters for describing cold climate wind turbine class S (CC-S) Table A.1 \u2013 Design parameters for describing cold climate wind turbine class S (CC-S) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
103<\/td>\n | Annex B (informative) Design load cases for special class S wind turbine designor site suitability assessment B.1 General B.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.9) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
104<\/td>\n | Table B.1 \u2013 Design load cases <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
107<\/td>\n | Annex C (informative) Turbulence models C.1 General C.2 Mann [3] uniform shear turbulence model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
110<\/td>\n | C.3 Kaimal [1] spectrum and exponential coherence model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
111<\/td>\n | Table C.1 \u2013 Turbulence spectral parameters for the Kaimal model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
112<\/td>\n | C.4 Reference documents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
113<\/td>\n | Annex D (informative) Assessment of earthquake loading D.1 General D.2 Design response spectrum <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
114<\/td>\n | D.3 Structure model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
115<\/td>\n | D.4 Seismic load evaluation Figure D.1 \u2013 Structure model for response spectrum method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
116<\/td>\n | D.5 Additional load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
117<\/td>\n | D.6 Reference documents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
118<\/td>\n | Annex E (informative) Wake and wind farm turbulence E.1 Added wake turbulence method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
119<\/td>\n | Table E.1 \u2013 Number (N) of neighbouring wind turbines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
120<\/td>\n | E.2 Dynamic wake meandering model E.2.1 General Figure E.1 \u2013 Configuration \u2013 Inside a wind farmwith more than 2 rows <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
121<\/td>\n | E.2.2 Wake deficit Figure E.2 \u2013 The three fundamental parts of the DWM model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
122<\/td>\n | E.2.3 Meandering <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
123<\/td>\n | E.2.4 Wake induced turbulence E.2.5 Wake superposition <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
124<\/td>\n | E.2.6 Model synthesis E.3 Reference documents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
125<\/td>\n | Annex F (informative) Prediction of wind distribution for wind turbine sites by measure-correlate-predict (MCP) methods F.1 General F.2 Measure-correlate-predict (MCP) F.3 Application to annual mean wind speed and distribution F.4 Application to extreme wind speed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
126<\/td>\n | F.5 Reference documents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
127<\/td>\n | Annex G (informative) Statistical extrapolation of loads for ultimate strength analysis G.1 General G.2 Data extraction for extrapolation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
128<\/td>\n | G.3 Load extrapolation methods G.3.1 General G.3.2 Global extremes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
130<\/td>\n | G.3.3 Local extremes G.3.4 Long-term empirical distributions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
131<\/td>\n | G.4 Convergence criteria G.4.1 General G.4.2 Load fractile estimate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
132<\/td>\n | G.4.3 Confidence bounds G.4.4 Confidence intervals based on bootstrapping G.4.5 Confidence intervals based on the binomial distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
133<\/td>\n | G.5 Inverse first-order reliability method (IFORM) Table G.1 \u2013 Parameters needed to establish binomial-based confidence intervals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
135<\/td>\n | G.6 Reference documents Table G.2 \u2013 Short-term load exceedance probabilities as a function of hub-height wind speed for different wind turbine classes for use with the IFORM procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
137<\/td>\n | Annex H (informative) Fatigue analysis using Miner\u2019s rule with load extrapolation H.1 Fatigue analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
140<\/td>\n | H.2 Reference documents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
142<\/td>\n | Annex I (informative) Contemporaneous loads I.1 General Table I.1 \u2013 Extreme loading matrix <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
143<\/td>\n | I.2 Scaling I.3 Averaging <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
144<\/td>\n | Annex J (informative) Prediction of the extreme wind speed of tropical cyclones by using Monte Carlo simulation method J.1 General J.2 Prediction of tropical cyclone induced extreme wind speeds J.2.1 General J.2.2 Evaluation of tropical cyclone parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
145<\/td>\n | J.2.3 Generation of synthetic tropical cyclones J.2.4 Prediction of wind speeds in the tropical cyclone boundary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
146<\/td>\n | J.3 Prediction of extreme wind speed in mixed climate regions J.3.1 General J.3.2 Extreme wind distributions of extratropical cyclones by the MCP method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
147<\/td>\n | J.3.3 Extreme wind distributions of tropical cyclones by the MCS method J.3.4 Determination of extreme wind speed in a mixed climate region J.4 Reference documents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
149<\/td>\n | Annex K (informative) Calibration of structural material safety factors and structural design assisted by testing K.1 Overview and field of application K.2 Target reliability level K.3 Safety formats <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
151<\/td>\n | K.4 Reliability-based calibration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
152<\/td>\n | K.5 Calibration using the design value format K.6 Partial safety factors for fatigue for welded details in steel structures Table K.1 \u2013 Partial safety factor for model uncertainty, \u03b3 \u03b4 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
153<\/td>\n | Table K.2 \u2013 Recommended values for partial safety factor for fatigue strength, \u03b3 Mf <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
154<\/td>\n | K.7 Types of tests for materials K.8 Planning of tests K.8.1 General K.8.2 Objectives and scope K.8.3 Prediction of test results Table K.3 \u2013 Recommended partial safety factor \nfor fatigue stresses, \u03b3 Ff <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
155<\/td>\n | K.8.4 Specification of test specimen and sampling K.8.5 Loading specifications K.8.6 Testing arrangement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
156<\/td>\n | K.8.7 Measurements K.8.8 Evaluation and reporting the test K.9 General principles for statistical evaluations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
157<\/td>\n | K.10 Derivation of characteristic values K.11 Statistical determination of characteristic value for a single property <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
158<\/td>\n | K.12 Statistical determination of characteristic value for resistance models K.12.1 General Table K.4 \u2013 Values of kn for the 5 % characteristic value <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
159<\/td>\n | K.12.2 Step 1: Develop a design model K.12.3 Step 2: Compare experimental and theoretical values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
160<\/td>\n | K.12.4 Step 3: Estimate the mean value correction factor (bias) b K.12.5 Step 4: Estimate the coefficient of variation of the errors Figure K.1 \u2013 re-rt diagram <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
161<\/td>\n | K.12.6 Step 5: Analyse compatibility K.12.7 Step 6: Determine the coefficients of variation VXi of the basic variables K.12.8 Step 7: Determine the characteristic value rk of the resistance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
163<\/td>\n | K.13 Reference documents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
164<\/td>\n | Annex L (informative) Cold climate: assessment and effects of icing climate L.1 Assessment of icing climate conditions L.1.1 General L.1.2 Icing climate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
165<\/td>\n | L.1.3 Rotor icing Figure L.1 \u2013 Definition of meteorological icing and rotor icing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
166<\/td>\n | L.1.4 Measurement methods L.1.5 Profile coefficients modification for ice Figure L.2 \u2013 Representative ice affected rotor area as defined by rotor icing height <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
167<\/td>\n | L.2 Ice mass effects on wind turbine blades Figure L.3 \u2013 Iced airfoil lift and drag penalty factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
168<\/td>\n | L.3 Cold climate design situations and load case L.3.1 General L.3.2 Power production (DLC 1.1 to 1.6) L.3.3 Parked (standstill or idling) (DLC 6.1 to 6.5) L.3.4 Parked and fault conditions (DLC 7.1) L.4 Cold climate load calculations Table L.1 \u2013 Cold climate design load cases <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
169<\/td>\n | L.5 Reference documents and bibliography Table L.2 \u2013 Blade ice mass and airfoil penalty factors used in different analysis types <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
170<\/td>\n | Annex M (informative) Medium wind turbines M.1 Overview M.2 External conditions M.2.1 General M.2.2 Wind shear M.3 Assembly, installation and erection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
171<\/td>\n | M.4 Commissioning, operation and maintenance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
172<\/td>\n | M.5 Documentation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
174<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Wind energy generation systems – Design requirements<\/b><\/p>\n |