Air Conditioning Transformed the 20th Century Air conditioning for comfort in buildings developed rapidly over the 20th century. From the earliest approaches of blowing air through cheesecloth filters and over blocks of ice, through the movie theatre boom of the 1920s that spurred advancement in ventilation technologies, to the sophisticated mechanical refrigeration systems of the mid and late century, air conditioning has driven change in many of the world<\/p>\n
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| 8<\/td>\n | Contents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | Chapter 01 Alfred R. Wolff Figure 1.1 Alfred Wolff2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | Figure 1.2 Marine cutter Richard Rush6 Carnegie Hall <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | Figure 1.4 Artist\u2019s impression of the New Music Hall12 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | Figure 1.5 Annotated Contemporary Drawing of Carnegie Hall\u2019s Heating and Ventilating Plant15 Figure 1.6 Ice Rack at Bottom of Air Inlet Shaft18 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | The Lenox Lyceum Theatre The American Theatre in New York <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | Figure 1.8 Sturtevant Cone Wheel Fan26 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | Figure 1.11 Knowles Mushroom Air Diffuser circa 1890 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | Tall Buildings Cornell Medical College <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | Figure 1.13 Attic Plant Room <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | Figure 1.16 Pontifex-Hendrick Advertisement, 189941 Hanover National Bank <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | Figure 1.18 Hanover National Bank44 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | Figure 1.21 New York Stock Exchange Building, 190350 The New York Stock Exchange <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | Figure 1.22 Henry Torrance, Jr.60 Heating, Ventilating, and Cooling the Board Room of the New York Stock Exchange <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | Figure 1.23 New York Stock Exchange Basement Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Plant Room64 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | Figure 1.24 the New York Stock Exchange68 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | The Louisiana Purchase Exhibition <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | Figure 1.25 Board Room Gallery Glazing72 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 34<\/td>\n | Figure 1.28 The Missouri Building82 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | Chapter 02 City Pollution\u2014The Impetus for Cleaning Air <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | Air Washer Inventions Figure 2.1 Zellweger Combined Fan and Air Washer12 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | Figure 2.3 Acme Air Washer Patent Diagram14 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | Willis H. Carrier Figure 2.5 Advertisement for Walter Timmis, New York Times (1908)19 Figure 2.6 Sackett & Wilhelms Lithographic Printing Factory (1903)20 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | Figure 2.7 Willis Carrier (Cornell Year Book 1901)24 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | Figure 2.8 Front Page, Heating and Ventilation, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1904)36 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | Figure 2.9 Carrier Air Washer, Diagram from Patent Application, 190438 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | Figure 2.12 Carrier Differential Thermostat51 Air Conditioning\u2014 Stuart W. Cramer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | Figure 2.14 Stuart W. Cramer56 Figure 2.15 Cramer\u2019s Humidifier in a Spinning Room60 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | Figure 2.16 A Silk Mill Installation from Carrier\u2019s 1908 Air Conditioning Brochure63 Courtesy Carrier Corporation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | Chapter 03 The Larkin Administrative Building <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | Figure 3.1 One of the Four \u201cAir Purifying and Cooling Devices\u201d9 Courtesy Jack Quinan <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | Figure 3.2 Kroeschell Advertisement, Ice and Refrigeration, June 189911 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | Figure 3.3 Layout of Plant and Ducts in Basement12 Courtesy Jack Quinan <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | Rapid Adoption of Air Washers\u2014Theatres <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | Figure 3.4 McCreery Air Washer25 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 54<\/td>\n | Figure 3.6 An Example of the Amount of Dirt Caught by an Air Washer29 Air Washers for Comfort Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 55<\/td>\n | Figure 3.7 Webster Air Washer37 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 56<\/td>\n | Figure 3.10 Braemer\u2019s hygrometric chart40 Air Washers and Surface Cooling\u2014 Fred Wittenmeier <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 57<\/td>\n | The Congress Hotel, Chicago Figure 3.11 Gold Room, Congress Hotel <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 58<\/td>\n | Figure 3.12 Ground Floor Plan, Congress Hotel47 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | Figure 3.13 Congress Hotel Cooling Plant, Pompeian Room53 The Blackstone Hotel, Chicago <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 60<\/td>\n | Figure 3.14 CO2 Compressors, Blackstone Hotel62 The Science of Air Washers and Humidity Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 61<\/td>\n | The Vento Heating Coil <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | Figure 3.16 Otto Armspach81 Otto Armspach <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 63<\/td>\n | Carrier Engineering Corporation The ASHVE Research Facility <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 64<\/td>\n | Figure 3.17 Hill\u2019s Synthetic Chart83 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 66<\/td>\n | Chapter 04 Nickelodeons and Silent Movies Figure 4.1 Grand Moving Picture Theatre Explosion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 67<\/td>\n | Nickelodeons and Health Figure 4.2 San Francisco Call Article on Ventilation Requirements in Nickelodeons6 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 69<\/td>\n | Figure 4.4 Castle Theatre\u2019s \u201cSuperior Ventilation\u201d The Roaring 20s\u2014 Mechanical Cooling in Theatres Fred Wittenmeier\u2014Cooling Chicago\u2019s Movie Theatres <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 70<\/td>\n | Figure 4.6 Riviera Advertisement Promoting \u201cAir Refrigeration\u201d22 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 71<\/td>\n | Figure 4.8 Wittenmeier Advertisement (1920)27 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 72<\/td>\n | Figure 4.9 Wittenmeier\u2019s Temperature Measurements at the Riviera Theatre31 Tivoli Theatre, Chicago <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 73<\/td>\n | Orpheum Theatre, Minneapolis, MN Figure 4.10 Artist\u2019s Impression of the New Theatre in Minneapolis (1921) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 74<\/td>\n | Downflow Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating Systems Figure 4.13 Section through Grauman\u2019s Metropolitan Theatre Roof Showing Heating and Cooling Plant44 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 75<\/td>\n | McVickers Theatre, Chicago Figure 4.14 Advertisement of the McVickers Theatre 48 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 76<\/td>\n | The Science of Comfort Figure 4.15 A Representative Group of the 130 Observers from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, 192250 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 77<\/td>\n | Figure 4.16 Sample Results to Determine Equivalent Comfort Conditions51 Figure 4.17 Comfort Zone (Humans at Rest)53 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 78<\/td>\n | Carrier\u2019s Centrifugal Refrigeration Machine <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 79<\/td>\n | Figure 4.18 Taylor Separation Chamber62 Lewis and the Energy Saving Bypass Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 80<\/td>\n | Figure 4.20 Three Carrier 75-ton Units at the Stephen F. Whitman and Sons\u2019 Philadelphia Candy Plant65 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 81<\/td>\n | Figure 4.22 Evolution of Lewis\u2019s Bypass System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 82<\/td>\n | Exporting Air Conditioning Figure 4.23 Carrier Centrifugal Machine, Carlton Theatre, 1927 Courtesy CIBSE Heritage Group BBC Broadcasting House <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 83<\/td>\n | Figure 4.24 Carrier Centrifugal Chiller (200 ton) at the BBC Broadcasting House76 Courtesy Carrier Corporation 1929 Sydney State Theatre <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 84<\/td>\n | Figure 4.25 Sydney State Theatre, Original Refrigeration Machine Courtesy John Gibson <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 85<\/td>\n | Figure 4.26 State Theatre Refrigeration Machine Nameplate Courtesy John Gibson <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 86<\/td>\n | Chapter 05 The New Madison Square Garden, New York <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 87<\/td>\n | Air-Conditioning Multistory Buildings Figure 5.1 Madison Square Garden, 1925 Courtesy Carrier Corporation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 88<\/td>\n | The Milam Building, San Antonio Figure 5.2 Milam Building, October 192713 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 89<\/td>\n | Figure 5.3 Milam Building Typical Upper Floor Plan14 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 90<\/td>\n | Figure 5.4 Milam Building Original Glazed Office Door with Exhaust Louver17 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 91<\/td>\n | Union Trust Building, Detroit Figure 5.6 Cross section of Union Trust Building20 Figure 5.7 Ceiling Duct Layout for Typical Union Trust Office Floor21 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 92<\/td>\n | Figure 5.8 Holes in Beams for Ducts22 Figure 5.9 Plan of Union Trust Floor Air-Conditioning Unit24 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 93<\/td>\n | Le Corbusier\u2019s Alternative Method of Air Conditioning: L\u2019aire Ponctuel <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 94<\/td>\n | The PSFS Building, Philadelphia <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 95<\/td>\n | Figure 5.10 PSFS Building in 1997 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 96<\/td>\n | Figure 5.12 Corridor Return Air Duct, Louver to Fan Room on Right Rockefeller Center, New York <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 98<\/td>\n | Figure 5.14 Diagrammatic Section of Air-Conditioning System A in the Music Hall45 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 99<\/td>\n | Figure 5.15 Proposed Ground Plan of Rockefeller Center, 193451 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 100<\/td>\n | Figure 5.16 Wallingford Steel Co. Office Building, 193462 Windowless Buildings and Air Conditioning (1934\u20131939) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 101<\/td>\n | The Hershey Office Building <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 102<\/td>\n | Figure 5.17 Hershey Building Electric Weather Man69 Windowless Buildings with Glass Block Walls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 103<\/td>\n | Figure 5.18 Detroit Edison Company Service Building72 Johnson\u2019s Wax Administration Building <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 104<\/td>\n | Figure 5.20 Air Washer Plant Beneath \u201cnostrils\u201d80 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 106<\/td>\n | Figure 5.21 Buried Heating Pipes83 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 107<\/td>\n | Figure 5.22 Private office in Johnson\u2019s Wax Building Figure 5.23 Johnson\u2019s Wax Great Work Room <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 108<\/td>\n | Chapter 06 The Advent of Fan-Coil Unit Room Coolers and Air Conditioners Figure 6.1 Kramer Room-Cooling Apparatus <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 109<\/td>\n | Figure 6.2 Schutz Cooling Device The \u201cSplit\u201d Air Conditioner Fan-Coil Units <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 110<\/td>\n | Figure 6.4 Neiman Marcus Unit Coolers12 Chicago Heat Waves and Unit Air Conditioners The Tribune Tower <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 111<\/td>\n | Figure 6.5 Tribune Building in 201919 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 112<\/td>\n | Figure 6.6 New Room Unit Ready to Be Placed in Position of the Original Steam Radiator32 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 113<\/td>\n | Figure 6.7 Westinghouse Room Unit Chassis35 Steam-Jet Refrigeration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 114<\/td>\n | Figure 6.9 Steam-Jet Refrigeration Principle The First \u201cFully Air-Conditioned Hotel\u201d <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 115<\/td>\n | Figure 6.10 Steam Jet Venturis Being Delivered to the Tribune Tower39 Galson\u2019s De La Vergne Heat-Pump Unit Conditioner <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 116<\/td>\n | Figure 6.11 Galson\u2019s De La Vergne Heat-Pump Unit Conditioner <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 117<\/td>\n | Carrier Joins the Trend Home Air Conditioners Induction Unit Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 118<\/td>\n | Figure 6.14 Carrier Low-Velocity Weathermaster Unit65 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 119<\/td>\n | Air-Conditioning The Pentagon Figure 6.15 Office in Pentagon with Weathermaster Unit (circled)71 High-Velocity Induction Units <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 120<\/td>\n | Figure 6.16 Conduit Weathermaster Induction Unit74 Courtesy Carrier Corporation Figure 6.18 Statler Hotel Primary Air-Handling Plant77 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 122<\/td>\n | Chapter 07 Belluschi\u2019s Design Study for an Office Building in 194X <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 123<\/td>\n | The Equitable Building, Portland J. Donald Kroeker\u2014Engineer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 124<\/td>\n | Figure 7.1 The Equitable Building\u2014Glazed Fa\u00e7ade Mechanical Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 125<\/td>\n | Figure 7.3 Typical Floor Mechanical Plant in the Equitable Building Figure 7.4 Mechanical Room, Trane Advertisement, 194821 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 126<\/td>\n | Figure 7.6 Air-Cooled Refrigeration Machines (on Roof) that Replaced the Equitable\u2019s Heat Pump Cooling in 1999 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 127<\/td>\n | Double Duct (Multizone Air Conditioning) Figure 7.7 Prudential Building, Los Angeles, 195028 High-Velocity Induction Unit Air Conditioning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 128<\/td>\n | United Nations Secretariat Building, New York Figure 7.8 United Nations Secretariat Building, New York36 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 129<\/td>\n | Lever House, New York <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 130<\/td>\n | Figure 7.9 Lever House, New York Radiant Heating and Cooling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 131<\/td>\n | Figure 7.11 All-aluminum ALCOA Building, Pittsburgh46 Manufacturers Life Building, Toronto <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 132<\/td>\n | Figure 7.12 1935 Advertisement for Air Conditioning with Panel Heating And Cooling49 Shell Centre, London Figure 7.13 Extruded Aluminum Ceiling Panels Including Light Troffer53 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 133<\/td>\n | Prudential Building, Chicago Dual-Duct High-Velocity Air Conditioning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 134<\/td>\n | Figure 7.14 Inland Steel Building (Far Right) with Service Tower (Center) Inland Steel Building, Chicago <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 135<\/td>\n | Figure 7.16 Supply Fan in Inland Steel Building Basement Air Conditioning Older Buildings New York Life Building, New York <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 136<\/td>\n | Figure 7.18 Inland Steel Building Original Chiller, Operational in 2001 Empire State Building, New York High-Velocity Air Conditioning in Europe Pirelli Tower, Milan <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 137<\/td>\n | Figure 7.19 Advertisement for Marlo Central Station Air-Conditioning Units69 Figure 7.20 Typical Floor Plan Showing Ductwork in Pirelli Tower71 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 138<\/td>\n | Exporting the Curtain Wall Style Figure 7.20 Pirelli Tower, Milan72 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 140<\/td>\n | Chapter 08 Rinascente Department Store, Rome Figure 8.1 Partial Above-Ceiling Plan Showing Rinascente Dual-duct Air Conditioning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 141<\/td>\n | Air-Conditioned Buildings in the United Kingdom UK Atomic Energy Authority Building, London <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 142<\/td>\n | CIS Building, Manchester Figure 8.2 CIS Building Open Plan Office, 2001 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 143<\/td>\n | Figure 8.3 Weathermaster Induction Unit, Outlet Grille Removed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 144<\/td>\n | Figure 8.9 Svenska Fl\u00e4ktfabriken Induction Unit with Access Panel Removed Millbank Tower, London Robinson Building, Bristol <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 145<\/td>\n | Figure 8.11 UniTrane Induction Patent Diagram16 Variable Air Volume (VAV) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 146<\/td>\n | Figure 8.13 Cross-Section Diagram of Moduline Unit 37A19 Courtesy Carrier Corporation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 147<\/td>\n | Perimeter VAV, Toronto Figure 8.14 Shuper\u2019s Perimeter VAV Terminal22 Induction Unit Air Conditioning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 148<\/td>\n | Figure 8.15 Richard J. Daley Center The All-Electric Skyscraper The John Hancock Center <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 149<\/td>\n | Figure 8.17 Original York Chiller at Richard J. Daley Center, 2001 VAV Exported <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 150<\/td>\n | Figure 8.19 John Hancock Center, Chicago <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 151<\/td>\n | Figure 8.21 John Hancock Center 1620 kW Electrode Boilers Figure 8.22 IBM Office Building, Greenock, Scotland, VAV System Schematic30 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 152<\/td>\n | Chapter 09 The 1973 Oil Crisis and Energy Conservation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 153<\/td>\n | Thermal Energy Storage Ice Thermal Energy Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 154<\/td>\n | Figure 9.1 Ice Accumulator Evaporator, Ice Store, 193912 Phase-Change Thermal Energy Storage The Attractions of Off-Peak Electricity Rates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 155<\/td>\n | Figure 9.2 Exploded View, CALMAC Ice Bank17 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 156<\/td>\n | State of Illinois Center Figure 9.4 State of Illinois Center <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 157<\/td>\n | Lake and Aquifer Thermal Storage Figure 9.5 Lake Thermal Storage, HFC Trust Building, 1988 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 158<\/td>\n | Figure 9.6 HFC Trust Thermal Flywheel Circuit Diagram24 Encapsulated Ice Storage Figure 9.7 Cristopia Ice Balls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 159<\/td>\n | Figure 9.8 Encapsulated Ice Tanks Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) The Scroll Compressor VRF Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 160<\/td>\n | Figure 9.10 Young\u2019s Diagram Showing Compression in Scroll Compressors Figure 9.11 Three-Pipe VRF System32 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 161<\/td>\n | Figure 9.12 Outdoor VRF Units Building Mass Thermal Storage Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 162<\/td>\n | Figure 9.14 Gateway 2, The Atrium Figure 9.15 Gateway 2: Predicted Airflow Patterns, Summer and Winter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 163<\/td>\n | Figure 9.16 SAS Headquarters\u2014 Indoor Street Chilled Beams <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 164<\/td>\n | Chapter 10 Green Buildings Environmental Assessment Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 165<\/td>\n | Figure 10.1 Cover of First BREEAM Environmental Assessment Guide Low-Energy Cooling\u2014Demonstration Projects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 166<\/td>\n | Figure 10.2 Dow Chemical Europe Headquarters in Horgen, Switzerland, 1991 Mixed Mode <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 167<\/td>\n | Figure 10.5 Photovoltaic Panels, Dow Chemical Europe Headquarters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 168<\/td>\n | Figure 10.6 Mixed-Mode Concept, Barclaycard headquarters18 Prototype Low-Energy Buildings versus Commercial Realty <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 169<\/td>\n | Figure 10.8 Automatic Roof Vents, Barclaycard Headquarters 2020 Commerzbank Tower <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 170<\/td>\n | Figure 10.10 Chiller Energy Efficiency Improvement, 1970 to 201024 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 171<\/td>\n | Figure 10.12 Woolworth Building, Built 1914 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 172<\/td>\n | References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 194<\/td>\n | Index <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 20th Century Air Conditioning<\/b><\/p>\n |