{"id":407267,"date":"2024-10-20T05:25:27","date_gmt":"2024-10-20T05:25:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/ashrae-handbook-fundamentals-s-i-2021\/"},"modified":"2024-10-26T09:51:57","modified_gmt":"2024-10-26T09:51:57","slug":"ashrae-handbook-fundamentals-s-i-2021","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/ashrae\/ashrae-handbook-fundamentals-s-i-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals (S-I) 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"

PDF Catalog<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nSI_F2021 FrontCover <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nSI_F2021 FrontMatter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nDedicated To The Advancement Of
The Profession And Its Allied Industries
DISCLAIMER <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch01
1. Composition of Dry and Moist Air
2. U.S. Standard Atmosphere <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\n3. Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\n4. Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\n5. Humidity Parameters
Basic Parameters
Humidity Parameters Involving Saturation
6. Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n7. Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n8. Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\nMoist Air Property Tables for Standard Pressure
9. Psychrometric Charts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\n10. Typical Air-Conditioning Processes
Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling
Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\nAdiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams
Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nSpace Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\n11. Transport Properties of Moist Air
12. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF WATER AT SATURATION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\n13. Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch02
1. Thermodynamics
1.1 Stored Energy
1.2 Energy in Transition <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\n1.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
1.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\n1.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles
1.6 Equations of State <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\n1.7 Calculating Thermodynamic Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\nPhase Equilibria for Multicomponent Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\n2. Compression Refrigeration Cycles
2.1 Carnot Cycle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n2.2 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerant or Azeotropic Mixture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\n2.3 Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\n2.4 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n2.5 Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\n2.6 Actual Refrigeration Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
47<\/td>\n3. Absorption Refrigeration Cycles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n4. Adsorption Refrigeration Systems
5. REVERSE BRAYTON CYCLE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\n6. REVERSE STIRLING CYCLE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\n7. Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch03
1. Fluid Properties
Density <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\n2. Basic Relations of Fluid Dynamics
Continuity in a Pipe or Duct
Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation in Flow Direction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\nLaminar Flow
Turbulence
3. Basic Flow Processes
Wall Friction
Boundary Layer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\nFlow Patterns with Separation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\nDrag Forces on Bodies or Struts
Nonisothermal Effects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\n4. Flow Analysis
Generalized Bernoulli Equation
Conduit Friction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\nValve, Fitting, and Transition Losses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\nControl Valve Characterization for Liquids
Incompressible Flow in Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\nFlow Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\nUnsteady Flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\nCompressibility <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\nCompressible Conduit Flow
Cavitation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\n5. Noise in Fluid Flow
6. Symbols
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\nbibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch04
1. Heat Transfer Processes
Conduction
Convection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\nRadiation
Combined Radiation and Convection
Contact or Interface Resistance
Heat Flux <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\nOverall Resistance and Heat Transfer Coefficient
2. Thermal Conduction
One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\nTwo- and Three-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction: Shape Factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\nExtended Surfaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nTransient Conduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\n3. Thermal Radiation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\nBlackbody Radiation
Actual Radiation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\nAngle Factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nRadiant Exchange Between Opaque Surfaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\nRadiation in Gases <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\n4. Thermal Convection
Forced Convection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\n5. Heat Exchangers
Mean Temperature Difference Analysis
NTU-Effectiveness (e) Analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nPlate Heat Exchangers
Heat Exchanger Transients <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\n6. Heat Transfer Augmentation
Passive Techniques <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\nActive Techniques <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\n7. Symbols
Greek
Subscripts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
105<\/td>\nBibliography
Fins
Heat Exchangers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\nHeat Transfer, General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch05
1. Boiling
Boiling and Pool Boiling in Natural Convection Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\nMaximum Heat Flux and Film Boiling
Boiling\/Evaporation in Tube Bundles
Forced-Convection Evaporation in Tubes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nBoiling in Plate Heat Exchangers (PHEs) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\n2. Condensing
Condensation on Inner Surface of Tubes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\nOther Impurities
3. Pressure Drop
Friedel Correlation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
122<\/td>\nLockhart and Martinelli Correlation
Gr\u00f6nnerud Correlation
M\u00fcller-Steinhagen and Heck Correlation
Wallis Correlation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
123<\/td>\nRecommendations
Pressure Drop in Microchannels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\nPressure Drop in Plate Heat Exchangers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\n4. Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch06
1. Molecular Diffusion
Fick\u2019s Law
Fick\u2019s Law for Dilute Mixtures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
134<\/td>\nFick\u2019s Law for Mass Diffusion Through Solids or Stagnant Fluids (Stationary Media)
Fick\u2019s Law for Ideal Gases with Negligible Temperature Gradient
Diffusion Coefficient <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135<\/td>\nDiffusion of One Gas Through a Second Stagnant Gas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
136<\/td>\nEquimolar Counterdiffusion
Molecular Diffusion in Liquids and Solids <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
137<\/td>\n2. Convection of Mass
Mass Transfer Coefficient <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\nAnalogy Between Convective Heat and Mass Transfer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
141<\/td>\nLewis Relation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
142<\/td>\n3. Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Between Water-Wetted Surfaces and Air
Enthalpy Potential
Basic Equations for Direct-Contact Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
144<\/td>\nAir Washers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
145<\/td>\nCooling Towers
Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
146<\/td>\n4. Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
147<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
152<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch07
1. GENERAL
1.1 Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
153<\/td>\n1.2 Types of Control Action
Two-Position Action <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
154<\/td>\nModulating Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
155<\/td>\nCombinations of Two-Position and Modulating
1.3 Classification of Control Components by Energy Source
Computers for Automatic Control
2. CONTROL COMPONENTS
2.1 Control Devices
Valves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
157<\/td>\nDampers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
159<\/td>\nPneumatic Positive (Pilot) Positioners <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
160<\/td>\n2.2 Sensors and Transmitters
Temperature Sensors
Humidity Sensors and Transmitters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
161<\/td>\nPressure Transmitters and Transducers
Flow Rate Sensors
Indoor Air Quality Sensors
Lighting Level Sensors
Power Sensing and Transmission
Time Switches
3.4 Specifying Building Automation System Networks <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
162<\/td>\n2.3 Controllers
Digital Controllers
Electric\/Electronic Controllers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
163<\/td>\nPneumatic Receiver-Controllers
Thermostats
2.4 Auxiliary Control Devices
Relays <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
164<\/td>\nEquipment Status
Other Switches
Transducers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
165<\/td>\nOther Auxiliary Control Devices
3. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS FOR BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
166<\/td>\n3.1 Communication Protocols
3.2 OSI Network Model
3.3 Network Structure
BAS Three-Tier Network Architecture <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
167<\/td>\nConnections Between BAS Networks and Other Computer Networks
Transmission Media <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
169<\/td>\nCommunication Tasks
3.5 Approaches to Interoperability
Standard Protocols
Gateways and Interfaces
4. SPECIFYING BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
170<\/td>\n5. COMMISSIONING
5.1 Tuning
Tuning Proportional, PI, and PID Controllers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
171<\/td>\nTuning Digital Controllers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
172<\/td>\nComputer Modeling of Control Systems
5.2 Codes and Standards
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
174<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch08
1. Acoustical Design Objective
2. Characteristics of Sound
Levels
Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
175<\/td>\nFrequency
Speed
Wavelength
Sound Power and Sound Power Level
Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
176<\/td>\nCombining Sound Levels
Resonances
Absorption and Reflection of Sound <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
177<\/td>\nRoom Acoustics
Acoustic Impedance
3. Measuring Sound
Instrumentation
Time Averaging
Spectra and Analysis Bandwidths <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
179<\/td>\nSound Measurement Basics
Measurement of Room Sound Pressure Level <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
180<\/td>\nMeasurement of Acoustic Intensity
4. Determining Sound Power
Free-Field Method
Reverberation Room Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
181<\/td>\nProgressive Wave (In-Duct) Method
Sound Intensity Method
Measurement Bandwidths for Sound Power
5. Converting from Sound Power to Sound Pressure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
182<\/td>\n6. Sound Transmission Paths
Spreading Losses
Direct Versus Reverberant Fields
Airborne Transmission
Ductborne Transmission <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
183<\/td>\nRoom-to-Room Transmission
Structureborne Transmission
Flanking Transmission
7. Typical Sources of Sound
Source Strength
Directivity of Sources
Acoustic Nearfield <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
184<\/td>\n8. Controlling Sound
Terminology
Enclosures and Barriers
Partitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
186<\/td>\nSound Attenuation in Ducts and Plenums
Standards for Testing Duct Silencers
9. System Effects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
187<\/td>\n10. Human Response to Sound
Noise
Predicting Human Response to Sound
Sound Quality
Loudness <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
188<\/td>\nAcceptable Frequency Spectrum
11. Sound Rating Systems and Acoustical Design Goals
A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
189<\/td>\nNoise Criteria (NC) Method
Room Criterion (RC) Method
Criteria Selection Guidelines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
190<\/td>\n12. Fundamentals of Vibration
Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model
Mechanical Impedance
Natural Frequency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
191<\/td>\nPractical Application for Nonrigid Foundations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
192<\/td>\n13. Vibration Measurement Basics
14. Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
193<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
194<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
196<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch09
1. Human Thermoregulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
197<\/td>\n2. Energy Balance
3. Thermal Exchanges with Environment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
198<\/td>\nBody Surface Area
Sensible Heat Loss from Skin
Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
199<\/td>\nRespiratory Losses
Alternative Formulations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
200<\/td>\nTotal Skin Heat Loss <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
201<\/td>\n4. Engineering Data and Measurements
Metabolic Rate and Mechanical Efficiency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
202<\/td>\nHeat Transfer Coefficients <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
203<\/td>\nClothing Insulation and Permeation Efficiency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
205<\/td>\nTotal Evaporative Heat Loss
Environmental Parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
207<\/td>\n5. Conditions for Thermal Comfort <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
208<\/td>\nThermal Complaints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
209<\/td>\n6. Thermal Comfort and Task Performance
7. Thermal Nonuniform Conditions and Local Discomfort
Asymmetric Thermal Radiation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
210<\/td>\nDraft <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
211<\/td>\nVertical Air Temperature Difference
Warm or Cold Floors
8. Secondary Factors Affecting Comfort <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
212<\/td>\nDay-to-Day Variations
Age
Adaptation
Sex
Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms
9. Prediction of Thermal Comfort
Steady-State Energy Balance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
214<\/td>\nTwo-Node Model <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
215<\/td>\nMultisegment Thermal Physiology and Comfort Models
Adaptive Models
Zones of Comfort and Discomfort <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
216<\/td>\n10. Environmental Indices
Effective Temperature
Humid Operative Temperature
Heat Stress Index <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
217<\/td>\nIndex of Skin Wettedness
Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
218<\/td>\nWet-Globe Temperature
Wind Chill Index <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
219<\/td>\n11. Special Environments
Infrared Heating <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
220<\/td>\nComfort Equations for Radiant Heating <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
221<\/td>\nPersonal Environmental Control (PEC) Systems
Hot and Humid Environments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
222<\/td>\nExtremely Cold Environments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
224<\/td>\n12. Symbols
Codes and Standards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
225<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
228<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
230<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch10
1. Background <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
232<\/td>\n1.1 Health Sciences Relevant to Indoor Environment
Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Industrial, Occupational, and Environmental Medicine or Hygiene
Microbiology
Toxicology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
233<\/td>\n1.2 Hazard Recognition, Analysis, and Control
Hazard Control
2. Airborne Contaminants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
234<\/td>\n2.1 Particles
Industrial Environments
Climate Change
3.6 Outdoor Air Ventilation and Health <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
235<\/td>\nSynthetic Vitreous Fibers
Combustion Nuclei
Particles in Nonindustrial Environments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
236<\/td>\nBioaerosols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
238<\/td>\n2.2 Gaseous Contaminants
Industrial Environments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
240<\/td>\nNonindustrial Environments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
245<\/td>\n3. Physical Agents
3.1 Thermal Environment
Range of Healthy Living Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
246<\/td>\nHypothermia
Hyperthermia
Seasonal Patterns
Increased Deaths in Heat Waves <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
247<\/td>\nEffects of Thermal Environment on Specific Diseases <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
248<\/td>\nInjury from Hot and Cold Surfaces
3.2 Electrical Hazards
3.3 Mechanical Energies
Vibration
Standard Limits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
249<\/td>\nSound and Noise <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
250<\/td>\n3.4 Electromagnetic Radiation
Ionizing Radiation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
251<\/td>\nNonionizing Radiation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
252<\/td>\n3.5 Ergonomics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
253<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
259<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
260<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch11
1. Classes of Air Contaminants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
261<\/td>\n2. Particulate Contaminants
2.1 Particulate Matter
Solid Particles
Liquid Particles
Complex Particles
Sizes of Airborne Particles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
263<\/td>\nParticle Size Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
264<\/td>\nUnits of Measurement
Harmful Effects of Particulate Contaminants
Measurement of Airborne Particles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
265<\/td>\nTypical Particle Levels
Bioaerosols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
267<\/td>\nControlling Exposures to Particulate Matter
3. Gaseous Contaminants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
269<\/td>\nHarmful Effects of Gaseous Contaminants
Units of Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
271<\/td>\nMeasurement of Gaseous Contaminants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
272<\/td>\n3.1 Volatile Organic Compounds <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
274<\/td>\nControlling Exposure to VOCs
3.2 Semivolatile Organic Compounds
3.3 Inorganic Gases <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
275<\/td>\nControlling Exposures to Inorganic Gases
4. Air Contaminants by Source
4.1 Outdoor Air Contaminants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
276<\/td>\n4.2 Industrial Air Contaminants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
277<\/td>\n4.3 Commercial, Institutional, and Residential Indoor Air Contaminants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
279<\/td>\n4.4 Flammable Gases and Vapors
4.5 Combustible Dusts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
280<\/td>\n4.6 Radioactive Air Contaminants
Radon <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
281<\/td>\n4.7 Soil Gases
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
284<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
286<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch12
1. Odor Sources
2. Sense of Smell
Olfactory Stimuli <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
287<\/td>\nAnatomy and Physiology
Olfactory Acuity
3. Factors Affecting Odor Perception
Humidity and Temperature
Sorption and Release of Odors
Emotional Responses to Odors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
288<\/td>\n4. Odor Sensation Attributes
Detectability
Intensity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
289<\/td>\nCharacter <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
290<\/td>\nHedonics
5. Dilution of Odors by Ventilation
6. Odor Concentration
Analytical Measurement
Odor Units <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
291<\/td>\n7. Olf Units
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
293<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
294<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch13
1. Computational Fluid Dynamics
Mathematical and Numerical Background <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
296<\/td>\nReynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Approaches
Large Eddy Simulation (LES) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
297<\/td>\nDirection Numerical Simulation (DNS)
1.1 Meshing for Computational Fluid Dynamics
Structured Grids <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
298<\/td>\nUnstructured Grids
Grid Quality
Immersed Boundary Grid Generation
Grid Independence <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
299<\/td>\n1.2 Boundary Conditions for Computational Fluid Dynamics
Inlet Boundary Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
300<\/td>\nOutlet Boundary Conditions
Wall\/Surface Boundary Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
301<\/td>\nSymmetry Surface Boundary Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
302<\/td>\nFixed Sources and Sinks
Modeling Considerations
1.3 CFD Modeling Approaches
Planning
Dimensional Accuracy and Faithfulness to Details
CFD Simulation Steps
1.4 Verification, Validation, and Reporting Results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
303<\/td>\nVerification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
305<\/td>\nValidation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
306<\/td>\nReporting CFD Results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
307<\/td>\n2. Multizone Network Airflow and Contaminant Transport Modeling
2.1 Multizone Airflow Modeling
Theory <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
308<\/td>\nSolution Techniques <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
309<\/td>\n2.2 Contaminant Transport Modeling
Fundamentals
Solution Techniques
2.3 Multizone Modeling Approaches
Simulation Planning
Steps <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
310<\/td>\n2.4 Verification and Validation
Analytical Verification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
311<\/td>\nIntermodel Comparison
Empirical Validation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
313<\/td>\n2.5 Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
314<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
316<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
318<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch14
1. Climatic Design Conditions
Station Information
Annual Design Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
319<\/td>\nMonthly Design Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
320<\/td>\nHistorical Trends <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
322<\/td>\nData Sources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
323<\/td>\nCalculation of Design Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
324<\/td>\nDifferences from Previously Published Design Conditions
Applicability and Characteristics of Design Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
325<\/td>\n2. Calculating Clear-sky Solar Radiation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
326<\/td>\nSolar Constant and Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation
Equation of Time and Solar Time
Declination <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
327<\/td>\nSun Position
Air Mass
Clear-Sky Solar Radiation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
328<\/td>\n3. Transposition to Receiving Surfaces of Various Orientations
Solar Angles Related to Receiving Surfaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
329<\/td>\nCalculation of Clear-Sky Solar Irradiance Incident on Receiving Surface
4. Generating Design-Day Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
330<\/td>\n5. Estimation of Degree-Days
Monthly Degree-Days
Annual Degree-Days <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
331<\/td>\n6. Representativeness of Data and Sources of Uncertainty
Representativeness of Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
332<\/td>\nUncertainty from Variation in Length of Record
Effects of Climate Change
Episodes Exceeding the Design Dry-Bulb Temperature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
334<\/td>\n7. Other Sources of Climatic Information
Joint Frequency Tables of Psychrometric Conditions
Degree Days and Climate Normals
Typical Year Data Sets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
335<\/td>\nObservational Data Sets
Reanalysis Data Sets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
336<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
337<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
338<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch15
1. Fenestration Components
1.1 Glazing Units <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
339<\/td>\n1.2 Framing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
340<\/td>\n1.3 Shading
2. Determining Fenestration Energy Flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
341<\/td>\n3. U-Factor (Thermal Transmittance)
Comparison Between Area-Weighted and Length-Weighted Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
342<\/td>\n3.1 Determining Fenestration U-Factors
Center-of-Glass U-Factor
Edge-of-Glass U-Factor
Frame U-Factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
343<\/td>\nCurtain Wall Construction
3.2 Surface and Cavity Heat Transfer Coefficients <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
350<\/td>\n3.3 Representative U-Factors for Doors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
351<\/td>\n4. Solar Heat Gain and Visible Transmittance
4.1 Solar-Optical Properties of Glazing
Optical Properties of Single Glazing Layers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
353<\/td>\nOptical Properties of Glazing Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
356<\/td>\n4.2 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
Calculation of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
357<\/td>\nDiffuse Radiation
Solar Gain Through Frame and Other Opaque Elements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
358<\/td>\nSolar Heat Gain Coefficient, Visible Transmittance, and Spectrally Averaged Solar-Optical Property Values
Airflow Windows
Skylights <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
369<\/td>\nGlass Block Walls
Plastic Materials for Glazing
4.3 Calculation of Solar Heat Gain <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
370<\/td>\nOpaque Fenestration Elements
5. Shading and Fenestration Attachments
5.1 Shading <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
371<\/td>\nOverhangs and Glazing Unit Recess: Horizontal and Vertical Projections <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
372<\/td>\n5.2 Fenestration Attachments
Simplified Methodology
Slat-Type Sunshades <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
374<\/td>\nDrapery <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
375<\/td>\nRoller Shades and Insect Screens
6. Visual and Thermal Controls
Operational Effectiveness of Shading Devices
Indoor Shading Devices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
390<\/td>\nDouble Drapery
7. Air Leakage
Infiltration Through Fenestration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
391<\/td>\nIndoor Air Movement
8. Daylighting
8.1 Daylight Prediction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
393<\/td>\n8.2 Light Transmittance and Daylight Use <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
394<\/td>\n9. Selecting Fenestration
9.1 Annual Energy Performance
Simplified Techniques for Rough Estimates of Fenestration Annual Energy Performance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
395<\/td>\nSimplified Residential Annual Energy Performance Ratings
9.2 Condensation Resistance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
397<\/td>\n9.3 Occupant Comfort and Acceptance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
398<\/td>\nSound Reduction
Strength and Safety
Life-Cycle Costs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
399<\/td>\n9.4 Durability
9.5 Supply and Exhaust Airflow Windows
9.6 Codes and Standards
National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
400<\/td>\nUnited States Energy Policy Act (EPAct)
ICC\u2019s 2015 International Energy Conservation Code
ASHRAE\/IES Standard 90.1-2016
ASHRAE\/USGBC\/IES Standard 189.1-2014 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
401<\/td>\nICC\u2019s 2015 International Green Construction Code\u2122
Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
Building Code of Australia\/National Construction Code
Complex Glazings and Window Coverings
9.7 Symbols
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
405<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
406<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch16
1. MOTIVATION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
407<\/td>\nSources of Indoor Airborne Pollutants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
408<\/td>\nSustainable Building Standards and Rating Systems
2. Basic Concepts and Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
409<\/td>\nOutdoor Air Fraction
Air Change Rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
410<\/td>\nTime Constants
Age of Air
Air Change Effectiveness
3. DRIVING MECHANISMS FOR INFILTRATION
Stack Pressure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
411<\/td>\nWind Pressure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
412<\/td>\nInteraction of Mechanical Systems with Infiltration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
413<\/td>\nCombining Driving Forces
Neutral Pressure Level <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
414<\/td>\nThermal Draft Coefficient
4. Measurements OF VENTILATION AND INFILTRATION PARAMETERS
Directly Measuring Air Change Rate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
415<\/td>\nDecay or Growth
Constant Concentration
Constant Injection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
416<\/td>\nMultizone Air Change Measurement
Envelope Leakage Measurement
Airtightness Ratings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
417<\/td>\nConversion Between Ratings
5. Residential Infiltration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
418<\/td>\nBuilding Air Leakage Data
Air Leakage of Building Components
Leakage Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
420<\/td>\nMultifamily Building Leakage
Controlling Air Leakage
Empirical Models
Multizone Models
Single-Zone Models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
421<\/td>\nSuperposition of Wind and Stack Effects
Residential Calculation Examples <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
423<\/td>\nCombining Residential Infiltration and Mechanical Ventilation
Typical Practice
6. Residential Ventilation
Types of Mechanical Ventilation in Residences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
424<\/td>\nLocal Exhaust <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
425<\/td>\nWhole-House Ventilation
Air Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
426<\/td>\nSelection Principles for Residential Ventilation Systems
7. Commercial and Institutional Air Leakage
Envelope Leakage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
427<\/td>\nAir Leakage Through Internal Partitions
Air Leakage Through Exterior Doors
Air Leakage Through Automatic Doors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
429<\/td>\nAir Exchange Through Air Curtains
8. Commercial and Institutional Ventilation
Ventilation Rate Procedure
Multiple Spaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
430<\/td>\nSurvey of Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings
9. Office Building Example
Location
Building
Occupancy
Infiltration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
431<\/td>\nLocal Exhausts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
432<\/td>\nVentilation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
433<\/td>\n10. Natural Ventilation
Natural Ventilation Openings
Ceiling Heights
Required Flow for Indoor Temperature Control
Airflow Through Large Intentional Openings
Flow Caused by Wind Only <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
434<\/td>\nFlow Caused by Thermal Forces Only
Natural Ventilation Guidelines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
435<\/td>\nHybrid Ventilation
11. Air Exchange Effect on Thermal Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
436<\/td>\nEffect on Envelope Insulation
Infiltration Degree-Days
12. DYNAMIC CONTROL OF VENTILATION
Occupancy-Based Demand-Controlled Ventilation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
437<\/td>\nImplementation in VAV Systems
Averaging Time-Varying Ventilation Rates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
438<\/td>\nContinuous Modulation-Equivalent Ventilation or \u201cSmart\u201d Ventilation
13. EXTREME CASES
Protection from Extraordinary Events <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
439<\/td>\nShelter in Place
Safe Havens
14. Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
440<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
446<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
447<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch17
1. Residential Features
2. Calculation Approach <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
448<\/td>\n3. Other Methods
4. Residential Heat Balance (RHB) Method
5. Residential Load Factor (RLF) Method
6. Common Data and Procedures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
449<\/td>\nGeneral Guidelines
Basic Relationships
Design Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
450<\/td>\nBuilding Data
Load Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
454<\/td>\n7. Cooling Load
Peak Load Computation
Opaque Surfaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
455<\/td>\nSlab Floors
Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space
Transparent Fenestration Surfaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
456<\/td>\nInfiltration and Ventilation
Internal Gain
Air Distribution System: Heat Gain
Total Latent Load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
457<\/td>\nSummary of RLF Cooling Load Equations
8. Heating Load
Exterior Surfaces Above Grade
Below-Grade and On-Grade Surfaces
Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space
Ventilation and Infiltration
Humidification
Pickup Load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
458<\/td>\nSummary of Heating Load Procedures
9. Load Calculation Example
Solution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
460<\/td>\n10. Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
461<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
463<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch18
1. Cooling Load Calculation Principles
1.1 Terminology
Heat Flow Rates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
464<\/td>\nTime Delay Effect
1.2 Cooling Load Calculation Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
465<\/td>\n1.3 Data Assembly <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
466<\/td>\n2. Internal Heat Gains
2.1 People
2.2 Lighting
Instantaneous Heat Gain from Lighting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
467<\/td>\n2.3 Electric Motors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
469<\/td>\nOverloading or Underloading
Radiation and Convection
2.4 Appliances
Cooking Appliances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
471<\/td>\nHospital and Laboratory Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
472<\/td>\nOffice Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
476<\/td>\n3. Infiltration and Moisture Migration Heat Gains
3.1 Infiltration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
478<\/td>\nStandard Air Volumes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
480<\/td>\nHeat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air Values <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
481<\/td>\nElevation Correction Examples
3.2 Latent Heat Gain from Moisture Diffusion
3.3 Other Latent Loads
4. Fenestration Heat Gain
4.1 Fenestration Direct Solar, Diffuse Solar, and Conductive Heat Gains <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
482<\/td>\n4.2 Exterior Shading
5. Heat Balance Method
5.1 Assumptions
5.2 Elements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
483<\/td>\nOutdoor-Face Heat Balance
Wall Conduction Process
Indoor-Face Heat Balance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
484<\/td>\nUsing SHGC to Calculate Solar Heat Gain <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
485<\/td>\nAir Heat Balance
5.3 General Zone for Load Calculation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
486<\/td>\n5.4 Mathematical Description
Conduction Process
Heat Balance Equations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
487<\/td>\nOverall HB Iterative Solution
5.5 Input Required <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
488<\/td>\n6. Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method
6.1 Assumptions and Principles
6.2 Overview <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
489<\/td>\n6.3 RTS Procedure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
490<\/td>\n6.4 Heat Gain Through Exterior Surfaces
Sol-Air Temperature
Calculating Conductive Heat Gain Using Conduction Time Series <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
491<\/td>\n6.5 Heat Gain Through Interior Surfaces
Floors
6.6 Calculating Cooling Load <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
499<\/td>\n7. Heating Load Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
505<\/td>\n7.1 Heat Loss Calculations
Outdoor Design Conditions
Indoor Design Conditions
Calculation of Transmission Heat Losses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
507<\/td>\nInfiltration
7.2 Heating Safety Factors and Load Allowances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
508<\/td>\n7.3 Other Heating Considerations
8. System Heating and Cooling Load Effects
8.1 Zoning
8.2 Ventilation
8.3 Air Heat Transport Systems
On\/Off Control Systems
Variable-Air-Volume Systems
Constant-Air-Volume Reheat Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
509<\/td>\nMixed Air Systems
Heat Gain from Fans
Duct Surface Heat Transfer <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
510<\/td>\nDuct Leakage
Ceiling Return Air Plenum Temperatures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
511<\/td>\nCeiling Plenums with Ducted Returns
Underfloor Air Distribution Systems
Plenums in Load Calculations
8.4 Central Plant
Piping
Pumps
9. Example Cooling and Heating Load Calculations
9.1 Single-Room Detailed Cooling load Example
Room and Weather Characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
513<\/td>\nCooling Loads Using RTS Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
522<\/td>\n9.2 The Effect OF Orientation on Peak Cooling Load Magnitude and TIME <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
525<\/td>\n9.3 effect of cooling load diversity on peak block load
9.4 Single-room detailed heating load example <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
526<\/td>\n9.5 conclusion
10. Previous Cooling Load Calculation Methods
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
528<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
530<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch19
1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
1.1 Models and Approaches
Physics-Based (Forward) Modeling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
531<\/td>\nData-Driven (Inverse) Modeling
1.2 Overall Modeling Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
532<\/td>\n1.3 Simulating Secondary and Primary Systems
1.4 History of Simulation Method Development <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
533<\/td>\n1.5 Using Energy Models
Typical Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
534<\/td>\nChoosing Measures for Evaluation
When to Use Energy Models
ASHRAE Standard 209
Energy Modelers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
535<\/td>\n1.6 Uncertainty in Modeling
1.7 Choosing an Analysis Method
Selecting Energy Analysis Computer Programs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
536<\/td>\n2. Degree-Day and Bin Methods
2.1 Degree-Day Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
537<\/td>\nVariable-Base Degree-Day Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
538<\/td>\nSources of Degree-Day Data
2.2 Bin and Modified Bin Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
539<\/td>\n3. Thermal Loads Modeling
3.1 Space Sensible Load Calculation Methods
Heat Balance Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
540<\/td>\nWeighting-Factor Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
541<\/td>\nComprehensive Room Transfer Function <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
542<\/td>\nThermal-Network Methods
Other Methods
3.2 Envelope Component Modeling
Above-Grade Opaque Surfaces
Below-Grade Opaque Surfaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
543<\/td>\nFenestration
Infiltration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
544<\/td>\nVentilation
3.3 Inputs to Thermal Loads Models
Choosing Climate Data
Internal Heat Gains
Thermal Zoning Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
545<\/td>\n4. HVAC Component Modeling
4.1 Modeling Strategies
Empirical (Regression-Based) Models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
546<\/td>\nFirst-Principles Models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
547<\/td>\n4.2 Primary System Components
Boilers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
548<\/td>\nChillers
Cooling Tower Model
Variable-Speed Vapor-Compression Heat Pump Model
Ground-Coupled Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
549<\/td>\n4.3 Secondary System Components
Fans, Pumps, and Distribution Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
550<\/td>\nHeat and Mass Transfer Components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
551<\/td>\nApplication to Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
552<\/td>\n4.4 Terminal Components
Terminal Units and Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
553<\/td>\nUnderfloor Distribution
Thermal Displacement Ventilation
Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems
4.5 Modeling of System Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
554<\/td>\n4.6 Integration of System Models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
555<\/td>\n5. Low-Energy System Modeling
5.1 Natural and Hybrid Ventilation
Natural Ventilation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
556<\/td>\nHybrid Ventilation
5.2 Daylighting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
557<\/td>\n5.3 PASSIVE HEAting AND COOLING <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
558<\/td>\n6. OCCUPANT Modeling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
559<\/td>\n6.1 METHODOLOGICAL BASIS
Overview of Modeling Approaches <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
561<\/td>\nOccupant Behavior Models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
562<\/td>\n6.2 OCCUPANT MODEL EVALUATION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
564<\/td>\n6.3 APPLICATIONS IN BUILDING DESIGN AND OPERATION
Selecting an Occupant Modeling Approach
Occupant-Centric Building Design Applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
566<\/td>\nAdditional Considerations for Occupant Model Application <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
567<\/td>\n6.4 OCCUPANT BEHAVIOR MODELING TOOLS AND DATA SETS
Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
Occupant Behavior Data Sets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
568<\/td>\n7. multi-scale Modeling
7.1 MODELING AT SUBBUILDING SCALE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
569<\/td>\n7.2 MODELING AT BUILDING SCALE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
570<\/td>\n7.3 MODELING AT DISTRICT SCALE
7.4 MODELING AT URBAN SCALE <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
571<\/td>\n7.5 MODELING AT REGIONAL AND NATIONAL SCALES <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
572<\/td>\n8. Data-Driven Modeling
8.1 Categories of Data-Driven Methods
Empirical or \u201cBlack-Box\u201d Approach
Gray-Box Approach
8.2 Types of Data-Driven Models
Steady-State Models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
577<\/td>\nDynamic Models
8.3 Model Accuracy and Goodness of Fit <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
578<\/td>\n8.4 Examples Using Data-Driven Methods
Modeling Utility Bill Data
Neural Network Models <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
579<\/td>\n8.5 Model Selection
9. MODEL CALIBRATION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
581<\/td>\n9.1 BAYESIAN ANALYSIS
9.2 PATTERN-BASED APPROACH
9.3 MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
582<\/td>\n10. Validation and Testing
10.1 Methodological Basis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
583<\/td>\nEmpirical Validation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
584<\/td>\nAnalytical Verification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
585<\/td>\nCombining Empirical, Analytical, and Comparative Techniques
Testing Model Calibration Techniques Using Synthetic Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
587<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
597<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
598<\/td>\nAnalytical Verification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
599<\/td>\nEmpirical Validation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
600<\/td>\nIntermodel Comparative Testing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
601<\/td>\nGeneral Testing and Validation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
602<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch20 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
603<\/td>\n1. Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability
2. Terminology
Outlet Types and Characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
604<\/td>\n3. Principles of Jet Behavior
Air Jet Fundamentals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
607<\/td>\nIsothermal Radial Flow Jets
Nonisothermal Jets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
608<\/td>\nNonisothermal Horizontal Free Jet
Comparison of Free Jet to Attached Jet
Air Curtain Units
Converging Jets
4. Symbols
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
609<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
611<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch21
Head A initial – 1. Bernoulli Equation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
612<\/td>\nHead B 1 with A Heads cont – 1.1 Head and Pressure
Head C – Static Pressure
Head C – Velocity Pressure
Head C – Total Pressure
Head C – Pressure and Velocity Measurements
Head A cont – 2. System Analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
614<\/td>\nHead B 1 with A Heads cont – 2.1 Pressure Changes in System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
615<\/td>\nHead A cont – 3. Fluid Resistance
Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.1 Friction Losses
Head C – Darcy and Colebrook Equations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
616<\/td>\nHead C – Roughness Factors
Head C – Friction Chart
Head C – Noncircular Ducts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
619<\/td>\nHead B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.2 Dynamic Losses
Head C – Local Loss Coefficients <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
620<\/td>\nHead C – Duct Fitting Database <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
621<\/td>\nHead B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.3 Ductwork Sectional Losses
Head C – Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Head A cont – 4. Fan\/System Interface
Head C – Fan Inlet and Outlet Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
622<\/td>\nHead C – Fan System Effect Coefficients
Head A cont – 5. Mechanical Equipment Rooms
Head C – Outdoor Air Intake and Exhaust Air Discharge Locations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
624<\/td>\nHead C – Equipment Room Locations
Head A cont – 6. Duct Design
Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.1 Design Considerations
Head C – HVAC System Air Leakage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
627<\/td>\nHead C – Fire and Smoke Control
Head C – Duct Insulation
Head C – Physical Security
Head C – Louvers
Head C – Duct Shape Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
629<\/td>\nHead C – Testing and Balancing
Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.2 Design Recommendations
Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.3 Design Methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
630<\/td>\nHead C – Noise Control
Head C – Goals
Head C – Design Method to Use <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
633<\/td>\nHead B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.4 Industrial Exhaust Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
640<\/td>\nHead REF – References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
642<\/td>\nHead REF – Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
643<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch22
1. Fundamentals
1.1 Codes and Standards
1.2 Design Considerations
1.3 General Pipe Systems
Metallic Pipe Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
647<\/td>\nNonmetallic (Plastic) Pipe Systems
Special Systems
1.4 Design Equations
Darcy-Weisbach Equation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
648<\/td>\nHazen-Williams Equation
Valve and Fitting Losses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
650<\/td>\nLosses in Multiple Fittings
Calculating Pressure Losses
Stress Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
652<\/td>\n1.5 Sizing Procedure
1.6 Pipe-Supporting Elements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
653<\/td>\nHanger Spacing and Pipe Wall Thickness
1.7 Pipe Expansion and Flexibility <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
654<\/td>\n1.8 Pipe Bends and Loops
L Bends <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
655<\/td>\nZ Bends
U Bends and Pipe Loops
Expansion and Contraction Control of Other Materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
656<\/td>\nCold Springing of Pipe
Analyzing Existing Piping Configurations
2. Pipe and Fitting Materials
2.1 Pipe
Steel Pipe <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
657<\/td>\nCopper Tube
Ductile Iron and Cast Iron
Nonmetallic (Plastic) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
660<\/td>\n2.2 Fittings
2.3 Joining Methods
Threading
Soldering and Brazing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
661<\/td>\nFlared and Compression Joints
Flanges <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
662<\/td>\nWelding
Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings
Solvent Cement
Rolled-Groove Joints
Bell-and-Spigot Joints
Press-Connect (Press Fit) Joints
Push-Connect Joints
Unions
2.4 Expansion Joints and Expansion Compensating Devices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
663<\/td>\nPacked Expansion Joints
Packless Expansion Joints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
664<\/td>\n3. Applications
3.1 Water Piping
Flow Rate Limitations
Noise Generation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
665<\/td>\nErosion
Allowances for Aging
Water Hammer
3.2 Service Water Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
667<\/td>\nPlastic Pipe
Procedure for Sizing Cold-Water Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
668<\/td>\nHydronic System Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
669<\/td>\nRange of Usage of Pressure Drop Charts
Air Separation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
670<\/td>\nValve and Fitting Pressure Drop <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
671<\/td>\n3.3 Steam Piping
Pipe Sizes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
672<\/td>\nSizing Charts
3.4 Low-Pressure Steam Piping
High-Pressure Steam Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
674<\/td>\nUse of Basic and Velocity Multiplier Charts
3.5 Steam Condensate Systems
Two-Pipe Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
677<\/td>\nOne-Pipe Systems
3.6 Gas Piping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
678<\/td>\n3.7 Fuel Oil Piping
Pipe Sizes for Heavy Oil <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
679<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
681<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
683<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch23
1. Design Objectives and Considerations
Energy Conservation
Economic Thickness <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
685<\/td>\nPersonnel Protection
Condensation Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
687<\/td>\n2. INSULATION SYSTEM MOISTURE RESISTANCE
Thermal Conductivity of Below-Ambient Pipe Insulation Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
688<\/td>\nFreeze Prevention
Noise Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
689<\/td>\nFire Safety <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
690<\/td>\nCorrosion Under Insulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
691<\/td>\n3. Materials and Systems
Categories of Insulation Materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
692<\/td>\nPhysical Properties of Insulation Materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
693<\/td>\nWeather Protection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
695<\/td>\nVapor Retarders <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
696<\/td>\nSheet Vapor Retarders <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
697<\/td>\nAlternative Non-Vapor-Retarding Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
698<\/td>\nPipe Insulation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
700<\/td>\nTanks, Vessels, and Equipment
Ducts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
703<\/td>\n4. Design Data
Estimating Heat Loss and Gain
Controlling Surface Temperatures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
704<\/td>\n5. Project Specifications
Standards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
705<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
707<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch24
1. Flow Patterns
Flow Patterns Around Isolated, Rectangular Block- Type Buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
709<\/td>\nFlow Patterns Around Building Groups <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
710<\/td>\n2. Wind Pressure on Buildings
Approach Wind Speed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
711<\/td>\nLocal Wind Pressure Coefficients
Surface-Averaged Wall Pressures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
712<\/td>\nRoof Pressures
Interference and Shielding Effects on Pressures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
713<\/td>\n3. Sources of Wind Data
Wind at Recording Stations
Estimating Wind at Sites Remote from Recording Stations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
714<\/td>\n4. Wind Effects on System Operation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
715<\/td>\nNatural and Mechanical Ventilation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
716<\/td>\nMinimizing Wind Effect on System Volume Flow Rate
Chemical Hood Operation
5. Building Pressure Balance and Internal Flow Control
Pressure Balance
Internal Flow Control <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
717<\/td>\n6. Environmental Impacts of Building External Flow
Pollutant Dispersion and Exhaust Reentrainment
Pedestrian Wind Comfort and Safety <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
718<\/td>\nWind-Driven Rain on Buildings
7. Physical and Computational Modeling
Physical Modeling
Similarity Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
719<\/td>\nWind Simulation Facilities
Designing Model Test Programs
Computational Modeling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
720<\/td>\n8. Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
721<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
725<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
726<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch25
1. Fundamentals
1.1 Terminology and Symbols
Heat <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
727<\/td>\nAir
Moisture
1.2 Hygrothermal Loads and Driving Forces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
728<\/td>\nAmbient Temperature and Humidity
Indoor Temperature and Humidity
Solar Radiation
Exterior Condensation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
729<\/td>\nWind-Driven Rain
Construction Moisture
Ground- and Surface Water <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
730<\/td>\nAir Pressure Differentials
2. Heat Transfer
2.1 Steady-State Thermal Response <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
731<\/td>\nSurface-to-Surface Thermal Resistance of a Flat Assembly
Combined Convective and Radiative Surface Heat Transfer
Heat Flow Across an Air Space <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
732<\/td>\nTotal Thermal Resistance of a Flat Building Assembly
Thermal Transmittance of a Flat Building Assembly
Interface Temperatures in a Flat Building Component
Series and Parallel Heat Flow Paths <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
733<\/td>\nThermal Bridging and Thermal Performance of Multidimensional Construction
Linear and Point Thermal Transmittances
2.2 Transient Thermal Response <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
734<\/td>\n3. Airflow
Heat Flux with Airflow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
735<\/td>\n4. Moisture Transfer
4.1 Moisture Storage in Building Materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
736<\/td>\n4.2 Moisture Flow Mechanisms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
737<\/td>\nWater Vapor Flow by Diffusion
Water Vapor Flow by Air Movement
Water Flow by Capillary Suction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
738<\/td>\nLiquid Flow at Low Moisture Content
Transient Moisture Flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
739<\/td>\n5. Combined Heat, Air , and Moisture Transfer
6. Simplified Hygrothermal Design Calculations and Analyses
6.1 Surface Humidity and Condensation
6.2 Interstitial Condensation and Drying
Dew-Point Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
740<\/td>\n7. Transient Computational Analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
741<\/td>\n7.1 Criteria to Evaluate Hygrothermal Simulation Results
Thermal Comfort
Perceived Air Quality
Human Health
Durability of Finishes and Structure
Energy Efficiency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
742<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
743<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
744<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch26
1. Insulation Materials and Insulating Systems
1.1 Apparent Thermal Conductivity
Influencing Conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
746<\/td>\n1.2 Materials and Systems
Glass Fiber and Mineral Wool
Cellulose Fiber <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
747<\/td>\nPlastic Foams
Cellular Glass
Capillary-Active Insulation Materials (CAIMs)
Transparent Insulation
Vacuum Insulation Panels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
748<\/td>\nReflective Insulation Systems
2. Air Barriers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
749<\/td>\n3. Water Vapor Retarders <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
750<\/td>\n4. Data Tables
4.1 Thermal Property Data
4.2 Surface Emissivity and Emittance Data
4.3 Thermal Resistance of Plane Air Spaces
4.4 Air Permeance Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
755<\/td>\n4.5 Water Vapor Permeance Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
756<\/td>\n4.6 Moisture Storage Data
4.7 Soils Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
759<\/td>\n4.8 Surface Film Coefficients\/ Resistances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
764<\/td>\n4.9 Codes and Standards
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
767<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch27
1. Heat Transfer
1.1 One-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation
Wall Assembly U-Factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
768<\/td>\nRoof Assembly U-Factor
Attics
Basement Walls and Floors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
769<\/td>\n1.2 Two-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation
Wood-Frame Walls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
770<\/td>\nMasonry Walls
Constructions Containing Metal <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
771<\/td>\nZone Method of Calculation
Modified Zone Method for Metal Stud Walls with Insulated Cavities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
772<\/td>\nComplex Assemblies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
773<\/td>\nWindows and Doors
2. Moisture Transport
2.1 Wall with Insulated Sheathing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
774<\/td>\n2.2 Vapor Pressure Profile (Glaser or Dew-Point) Analysis
Winter Wall Wetting Examples <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
776<\/td>\n3. Transient Hygrothermal Modeling <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
778<\/td>\n4. Air Movement
Equivalent Permeance
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
779<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch28
1. Principles of Combustion
Combustion Reactions
Flammability Limits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
780<\/td>\nIgnition Temperature
Combustion Modes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
781<\/td>\nHeating Value
Altitude Compensation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
783<\/td>\n2. Fuel Classification
3. Gaseous Fuels
Types and Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
785<\/td>\n4. Liquid Fuels
Types of Fuel Oils <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
786<\/td>\nCharacteristics of Fuel Oils <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
787<\/td>\nTypes and Properties of Liquid Fuels for Engines
5. Solid Fuels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
788<\/td>\nTypes of Coals
Characteristics of Coal <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
789<\/td>\n6. Combustion Calculations
Air Required for Combustion <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
791<\/td>\nTheoretical CO2
Quantity of Flue Gas Produced
Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
792<\/td>\nSample Combustion Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
793<\/td>\n7. Efficiency Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
795<\/td>\nSeasonal Efficiency
8. Combustion Considerations
Air Pollution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
796<\/td>\nPortable Combustion Analyzers (PCAs) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
797<\/td>\nCondensation and Corrosion
Abnormal Combustion Noise in Gas Appliances <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
798<\/td>\nSoot
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
799<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
801<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch29
1. Refrigerant Properties
Global Environmental Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
806<\/td>\nPhysical Properties
Electrical Properties
Sound Velocity
2. Refrigerant Performance
3. Safety <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
809<\/td>\n4. Leak Detection
Electronic Detection
Bubble Method <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
810<\/td>\nPressure Change Methods
UV Dye Method
Ammonia Leaks
5. Compatibility with Construction Materials
Metals
Elastomers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
811<\/td>\nPlastics
Additional Compatibility Reports
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
812<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
813<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch30 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
814<\/td>\nFig. 1 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 12 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
815<\/td>\nRefrigerant 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
816<\/td>\nFig. 2 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
817<\/td>\nRefrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
818<\/td>\nFig. 3 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 23 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
819<\/td>\nRefrigerant 23 (Trifluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
820<\/td>\nFig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 32 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
822<\/td>\nFig. 5 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 123 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
823<\/td>\nRefrigerant 123 (2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
824<\/td>\nFig. 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 124 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
825<\/td>\nRefrigerant 124 (2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
826<\/td>\nFig. 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 125 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
828<\/td>\nFig. 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
829<\/td>\nRefrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
832<\/td>\nFig. 9 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 143a <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
834<\/td>\nFig. 10 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 152a <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
835<\/td>\nRefrigerant 152a (1,1-Difluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
836<\/td>\nFig. 11 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 245fa <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
838<\/td>\nFig. 12 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant R-1233zd(E) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
840<\/td>\nFig. 13 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234yf <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
842<\/td>\nFig. 14 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234ze(E) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
844<\/td>\nFig. 15 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 404A <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
846<\/td>\nFig. 16 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 407C <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
847<\/td>\nRefrigerant 407C [R-32\/125\/134a (23\/25\/52)] Properties of Liquid on Bubble Line and Vapor on Dew Line <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
848<\/td>\nFig. 17 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 410A <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
849<\/td>\nRefrigerant 410A [R-32\/125 (50\/50)] Properties of Liquid on Bubble Line and Vapor on Dew Line <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
850<\/td>\nFig. 18 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 507A <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
852<\/td>\nFig. 19 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
853<\/td>\nRefrigerant 717 (Ammonia) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
854<\/td>\nFig. 20 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 718 (Water\/Steam) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
855<\/td>\nRefrigerant 718 (Water\/Steam) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
856<\/td>\nFig. 21 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
857<\/td>\nRefrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
858<\/td>\nFig. 22 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 50 (Methane) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
859<\/td>\nRefrigerant 50 (Methane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
Refrigerant 50 (Methane) Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
860<\/td>\nFig. 23 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 170 (Ethane) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
862<\/td>\nFig. 24 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 290 (Propane) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
864<\/td>\nFig. 25 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
866<\/td>\nFig. 26 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
868<\/td>\nFig. 27 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
869<\/td>\nRefrigerant 1150 (Ethylene) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
870<\/td>\nFig. 28 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
871<\/td>\nRefrigerant 1270 (Propylene) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
872<\/td>\nFig. 29 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 704 (Helium) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
873<\/td>\nRefrigerant 704 (Helium) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
Refrigerant 704 (Helium) Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
874<\/td>\nFig. 30 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
875<\/td>\nRefrigerant 728 (Nitrogen) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen) Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
876<\/td>\nFig. 31 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 729 (Air) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
877<\/td>\nRefrigerant 729 (Air) Properties of Liquid on the Bubble Line and Vapor on the Dew Line
Refrigerant 729 (Air) Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
878<\/td>\nFig. 32 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
879<\/td>\nRefrigerant 732 (Oxygen) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen) Properties of Gas at 0.101 325 MPa (one standard atmosphere) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
880<\/td>\nFig. 33 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 740 (Argon) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
882<\/td>\nFig. 34 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Ammonia\/Water Solutions Prepared by Kwang Kim and Keith Herold, Center for Environmental Energy Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
884<\/td>\nFig. 35 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Water\/Lithium Bromide Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
885<\/td>\nFig. 36 Equilibrium Chart for Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
886<\/td>\nReferences
Fig. 37 Specific Density of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide
Fig. 38 Specific Heat of Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions
Fig. 39 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
891<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch31
1. Salt-Based Brines
Physical Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
894<\/td>\nCorrosion Inhibition
2. Inhibited Glycols
Physical Properties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
895<\/td>\nCorrosion Inhibition <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
901<\/td>\nService Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
902<\/td>\n3. Halocarbons
4. Nonhalocarbon, Nonaqueous Fluids <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
903<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
904<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch32
1. Desiccant Applications
2. Desiccant Cycle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
906<\/td>\n3. Types of Desiccants
Liquid Absorbents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
907<\/td>\nSolid Adsorbents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
908<\/td>\n4. Desiccant Isotherms
5. Desiccant Life
6. Cosorption of Water Vapor and Indoor Air Contaminants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
909<\/td>\nReferences
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
910<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch33 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
914<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch34
1. TYPES OF ENERGY, ENERGY DEFINITIONS, AND energy Characteristics
Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources
Energy Sources Versus Energy Resources
Energy Forms and Their Energy Content <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
915<\/td>\nEnvironmental Considerations
1.1 On-Site Energy\/Energy Resource Relationships
Quantifiable Relationships and Performance Metrics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
916<\/td>\nIntangible Relationships <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
917<\/td>\n1.2 Summary
2. Energy Resource Planning
2.1 Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
918<\/td>\n2.2 Tradable Emission Credits
3. Overview of Global Energy Resources
3.1 World Energy Resources
Production <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
919<\/td>\nFossil Fuel Reserves
Consumption <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
921<\/td>\n3.2 Carbon Emissions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
922<\/td>\n3.3 U.S. Energy Use
Per Capita Energy Consumption
Projected Overall Energy Consumption <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
924<\/td>\nOutlook Summary
3.4 U.S. Agencies and Associations
References
Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
925<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch35
1. Definition
2. Characteristics of Sustainability
Sustainability Addresses the Future
Sustainability Has Many Contributors
Sustainability Is Comprehensive
Technology Plays Only a Partial Role <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
926<\/td>\n3. Factors Impacting Sustainability
4. Primary HVAC&R Considerations in Sustainable Design
Energy Resource Availability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
927<\/td>\nFresh Water Supply
Effective and Efficient Use of Energy Resources and Water
Material Resource Availability and Management
Embodied Energy and Embodied Carbon <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
928<\/td>\nAir, Noise, and Water Pollution
Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
929<\/td>\n5. Factors Driving Sustainability into Design Practice
Climate Change
Regulatory Environment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
930<\/td>\nEvolving Standards of Care <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
931<\/td>\nChanging Design Process <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
932<\/td>\nOther Opportunities
6. Designing for Effective Energy Resource Use
Energy Ethic: Resource Conservation Design Principles
Energy and Power
Simplicity
Self-Imposed Budgets
Design Process for Energy-Efficient Projects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
933<\/td>\nBuilding Energy Use Elements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
936<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
937<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
939<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch36
1. Overview of Climate Science <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
940<\/td>\nClimate vs Weather
Global Signatures of Climate Change
Natural and Human Drivers of Climate Change <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
941<\/td>\nCauses of Observed Global Warming <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
942<\/td>\nClimate Change in the Distant Past
Feedbacks in the Climate Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
943<\/td>\nChanges in Climate System Related to Recent Global Warming <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
944<\/td>\nObserved Changes in Global Climate Conditions
Station-level Trend Data <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
945<\/td>\nFuture Changes in Climate <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
947<\/td>\nProjected Climatic Information for Use in Building Design and Analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
948<\/td>\nUsing Recent Measured Data
Summary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
949<\/td>\n2. Mitigating Climate Change <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
950<\/td>\nReduce Carbon Emissions by Design and Construction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
951<\/td>\nPerform Deep Energy Retrofits of Existing Buildings
Reduce Carbon Emissions from Building Operations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
952<\/td>\nRenewable Energy Sources (RES) and Building Electrification
Cost of Avoiding GHG Emissions
Refrigerants and Fluorinated Gases (F-Gases) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
953<\/td>\nGeoengineering Technologies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
954<\/td>\nSummary
3. Adapting to Climate Change
An ASHRAE Framework for Risk-Aware Practice
Adaptation and Related Terms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
955<\/td>\nChronic vs Acute Impacts of Climate Change
Impacts on Envelope-Driven Loads
Impacts on HVAC Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
956<\/td>\nImpacts on Indoor Air Quality
Operational Management and Design for Smoke Migration Risk from Wildfires <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
957<\/td>\nExisting Professional Activities
Design Opportunities and Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
958<\/td>\nResources for Adaptation
Existing ASHRAE Resources
4. Conclusion
5. glossary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
960<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
965<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch37
1. Effects of Humidity and Dampness
2. Elements of Moisture Management <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
966<\/td>\n3. Envelope and HVAC Interactions
4. Indoor Wetting and Drying
Understanding Vapor Balance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
967<\/td>\nHygric Buffering
Student Residences and Schools <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
968<\/td>\n5. Vapor Release Related to Building Use
Residential Buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
969<\/td>\nNatatoriums <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
970<\/td>\n6. Indoor\/Outdoor Vapor Pressure Difference Analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
971<\/td>\nResidential Buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
973<\/td>\nNatatoriums <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
974<\/td>\n7. Avoiding Moisture Problems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
975<\/td>\nHVAC Systems
Ground Pipes
Building Fabric
Building Envelope
8. Climate-Specific Moisture Management
Temperate and Mixed Climates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
976<\/td>\nHot and Humid Climates
Cold Climates
9. Moisture Management in Other Handbook Chapters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
977<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
978<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
979<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch38
1. Terminology <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
981<\/td>\n2. Uncertainty Analysis
Uncertainty Sources
Uncertainty of a Measured Variable <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
982<\/td>\n3. Temperature Measurement
Sampling and Averaging <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
983<\/td>\nStatic Temperature Versus Total Temperature
3.1 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Sources of Thermometer Errors
3.2 Resistance Thermometers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
984<\/td>\nResistance Temperature Devices
Thermistors
Semiconductor Devices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
985<\/td>\n3.3 Thermocouples <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
986<\/td>\nWire Diameter and Composition <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
987<\/td>\nMultiple Thermocouples
Surface Temperature Measurement
Thermocouple Construction
3.4 Optical Pyrometry
3.5 Infrared Radiation Thermometers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
988<\/td>\n3.6 Infrared Thermography
4. Humidity Measurement
4.1 Psychrometers
4.2 Dew-Point Hygrometers
Condensation Dew-Point Hygrometers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
989<\/td>\nSalt-Phase Heated Hygrometers
4.3 Mechanical Hygrometers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
990<\/td>\n4.4 Electrical Impedance, Resistance, and Capacitance Hygrometers
Dunmore Hygrometers
Polymer Film Electronic Hygrometers
Ion Exchange Resin Electric Hygrometers
Impedance-Based Porous Ceramic Electronic Hygrometers
Aluminum Oxide Capacitive Sensor
Resistive Sensor
4.5 Electrolytic Hygrometers
4.6 Piezoelectric Sorption
4.7 Spectroscopic (Radiation Absorption) Hygrometers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
991<\/td>\n4.8 Gravimetric Hygrometers
4.9 Calibration
5. Pressure Measurement
Units
5.1 Instruments
Pressure Standards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
992<\/td>\nMechanical Pressure Gages
Electromechanical Transducers
General Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
993<\/td>\n6. Air Velocity Measurement
6.1 Airborne Tracer Techniques
6.2 Anemometers
Deflecting Vane Anemometers
Propeller or Revolving (Rotating) Vane Anemometers
Cup Anemometers
Thermal Anemometers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
995<\/td>\nLaser Doppler Velocimeters (or Anemometers)
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
6.3 Pitot-Static Tubes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
996<\/td>\n6.4 Measuring Flow in Ducts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
998<\/td>\n6.5 Airflow-Measuring Hoods
6.6 Vortex Shedding in Airflow Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
999<\/td>\n7. Flow Rate Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1000<\/td>\nFlow Measurement Methods
7.1 Venturi, Nozzle, and Orifice Flowmeters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1002<\/td>\n7.2 Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1003<\/td>\n7.3 Coriolis Principle Flowmeters
7.4 Positive-Displacement Meters
7.5 Turbine Flowmeters
7.6 Electromagnetic (MAG) Flowmeters
7.7 Vortex-Shedding Flowmeters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1004<\/td>\n8. Air Infiltration, Airtightness, and Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate Measurement
Carbon Dioxide
9. Carbon Dioxide Measurement
9.1 Nondispersive Infrared CO2 Detectors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1005<\/td>\nCalibration
Applications
9.2 Amperometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors
9.3 Photoacoustic CO2 Detectors
Open-Cell Sensors
Optical (Shaft) Encoders <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1006<\/td>\nClosed-Cell Sensors
9.4 Potentiometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors
9.5 Colorimetric Detector Tubes
9.6 Laboratory Measurements
10. Electric Measurement
Ammeters
Voltmeters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1007<\/td>\nWattmeters
Power-Factor Meters
11. Rotative Speed and Position Measurement
Tachometers
Stroboscopes
AC Tachometer-Generators <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1008<\/td>\n12. Sound and Vibration Measurement
12.1 Sound Measurement
Microphones <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1009<\/td>\nSound Measurement Systems
Frequency Analysis
Sound Chambers
Calibration
12.2 Vibration Measurement
Transducers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1010<\/td>\nVibration Measurement Systems
Calibration
13. Lighting Measurement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1011<\/td>\n14. Thermal Comfort Measurement
Clothing and Activity Level
Air Temperature
Air Velocity
Plane Radiant Temperature
Mean Radiant Temperature
Air Humidity
14.1 Calculating Thermal Comfort <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1012<\/td>\n14.2 Integrating Instruments
15. Moisture Content and Transfer Measurement
Moisture Content <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1013<\/td>\nVapor Permeability
Liquid Diffusivity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1014<\/td>\n16. Heat Transfer Through Building Materials
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Conductance and Resistance
17. Air Contaminant Measurement
18. Combustion Analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1015<\/td>\n18.1 Flue Gas Analysis
19. Data Acquisition and Recording
Digital Recording <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1016<\/td>\nData-Logging Devices
20. Mechanical Power Measurement
Measurement of Shaft Power
Measurement of Fluid Pumping Power
20.1 Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1017<\/td>\nStandards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1018<\/td>\nReferences <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1020<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1021<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch39
1. Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs
Computer Programs
2. Letter Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1024<\/td>\n3. Letter Symbols
4. Dimensionless Numbers
5. Mathematical Symbols <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1030<\/td>\n6. Piping System Identification
Definitions
Method of Identification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1031<\/td>\n7. Codes and Standards <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1033<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch40 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1035<\/td>\nSI_F21_Ch41 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1065<\/td>\nSI_F21_Errata
2019 HVAC Applications
2020 HVAC Systems and Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1070<\/td>\nBlank Page <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1071<\/td>\nSI_F2021 IndexIX
Abbreviations, F38
Absorbents
Absorption
Acoustics. See Sound
Activated alumina, S24.1, 4, 12
Activated carbon adsorption, A47.9
Adaptation, environmental, F9.17
ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI)
Adsorbents
Adsorption
Aeration, of farm crops, A26
Aerosols, S29.1
AFDD. See Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD)
Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S44.8
AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE)
AHU. See Air handlers
Air
Air barriers, F25.9; F26.5
Airborne infectious diseases, F10.7
Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning)
Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1072<\/td>\nAir conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning)
Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants)
Aircraft, A13
Air curtains
Air diffusers, S20
Air diffusion, F20
Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A58.6
Air dispersion systems, fabric, S19.11
Air distribution, A58; F20; S4; S20
Air exchange rate
Air filters. See Filters, air
Airflow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1073<\/td>\nAirflow retarders, F25.9
Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow)
Air handlers
Air inlets
Air intakes
Air jets. See Air diffusion
Air leakage. (See also Infiltration)
Air mixers, S4.8
Air outlets
Airports, air conditioning, A3.6
Air quality. [See also Indoor air quality (IAQ)]
Air terminal units (ATUs)
Airtightness, F37.24
Air-to-air energy recovery, S26
Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13
Air transport, R27
Air washers
Algae, control, A50.12
All-air systems
Altitude, effects of
Ammonia
Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A56.7
Anemometers
Animal environments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1074<\/td>\nAnnual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S34.2
Antifreeze
Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5
Apartment buildings
Aquifers, thermal storage, S51.7
Archimedes number, F20.6
Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
Arenas
Argon, recovery, R47.17
Asbestos, F10.5
ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH)
Atriums
Attics, unconditioned, F27.2
Auditoriums, A5.3
Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), A40.4; A63.1
Automobiles
Autopsy rooms, A9.12; A10.6, 7
Avogadro\u2019s law, and fuel combustion, F28.11
Backflow-prevention devices, S46.14
BACnet\u00ae, A41.9; F7.18
Bacteria
Bakery products, R41
Balance point, heat pumps, S48.9
Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing)
BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS)
Baseboard units
Basements
Bayesian analysis, F19.37
Beer\u2019s law, F4.16
Behavior
BEMP. See Building energy modeling professional (BEMP)
Bernoulli equation, F21.1
Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.8
Beverages, R39
BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM)
Bioaerosols
Biocides, control, A50.14
Biodiesel, F28.8
Biological safety cabinets, A17.5
Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11
Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
Boilers, F19.21; S32
Boiling
Brake horsepower, S44.8
Brayton cycle
Bread, R41
Breweries
Brines. See Coolants, secondary
Building automation systems (BAS), A41.8; A63.1; F7.14 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1075<\/td>\nBuilding energy modeling professional (BEMP), F19.5
Building energy monitoring, A42. (See also Energy, monitoring)
Building envelopes
Building information modeling (BIM), A41.8; A60.18
Building materials, properties, F26
Building performance simulation (BPS), A65.8
Buildings
Building thermal mass
Burners
Buses
Bus terminals
Butane, commercial, F28.5
CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD)
Cafeterias, service water heating, A51.12, 19
Calcium chloride brines, F31.1
Candy
Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10
Capillary tubes
Carbon dioxide
Carbon emissions, F34.7
Carbon monoxide
Cargo containers, R25
Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1076<\/td>\nCattle, beef and dairy, A25.7. (See also Animal environments)
CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV)
Cavitation, F3.13
CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
CEER. See Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER)
Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect
Ceilings
Central air conditioning, A43. (See also Air conditioning)
Central plant optimization, A8.13
Central plants
Central systems
Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.9
CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
Change-point regression models, F19.28
Charge minimization, R1.36
Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4
Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A61
Chemical plants
Chemisorption, A47.10
Chilled beams, S20.10
Chilled water (CW)
Chillers
Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7
Chimneys, S35
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A35.44
Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy)
Choking, F3.13
CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP)
Cinemas, A5.3
CKV. See Commercial kitchen ventilation (CVK)
Claude cycle, R47.8
Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces
Clean spaces, A19 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1077<\/td>\nClear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.8
Climate change, F36
Climatic design information, F14
Clinics, A9.17
Clothing
CLTD\/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD\/CLF)
CMMS. See Computerized maintenance management system (CMSS)
Coal
Coanda effect, A34.22; F20.2, 7; S20.2
Codes, A66. (See also Standards)
Coefficient of performance (COP)
Coefficient of variance of the root mean square error [CV(RMSE)], F19.33
Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP)
Coils
Colburn\u2019s analogy, F4.17
Colebrook equation
Collaborative design, A60
Collectors, solar, A36.6, 11, 24, 25; S37.3
Colleges and universities, A8.11
Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER), S49.3
Combined heat and power (CHP), S7
Combustion, F28 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1078<\/td>\nCombustion air systems
Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.21; S8.1
Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans)
Commercial and public buildings, A3
Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV), A34
Commissioning, A44
Comprehensive room transfer function method (CRTF), F19.11
Compressors, S38
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1, F19.25
Computer-aided design (CAD), A19.6
Computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), A60.17
Computers, A41
Concert halls, A5.4
Concrete
Condensate
Condensation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1079<\/td>\nCondensers, S39
Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1
Conduction
Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1
Constant air volume (CAV)
Construction. (See also Building envelopes)
Containers. (See also Cargo containers)
Contaminants
Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2
Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1080<\/td>\nControlled-atmosphere (CA) storage
Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A25.16
Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control)
Convection
Convectors
Convention centers, A5.5
Conversion factors, F39
Cooking appliances
Coolants, secondary
Coolers. (See also Refrigerators) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1081<\/td>\nCooling. (See also Air conditioning)
Cooling load
Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD\/CLF), F18.57
Cooling towers, S40
Cool storage, S51.1
COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP)
Corn, drying, A26.1
Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities
Corrosion
Costs. (See also Economics)
Cotton, drying, A26.8
Courthouses, A10.5
Courtrooms, A10.5
CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)
Crawlspaces
Critical spaces
Crops. See Farm crops
Cruise terminals, A3.6
Cryogenics, R47 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1082<\/td>\nCurtain walls, F15.6
Dairy products, R33
Dampers
Dampness problems in buildings, A64.1
Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1
Darcy equation, F21.6
Darcy-Weisbach equation
Data centers, A20
Data-driven modeling
Daylighting, F19.26
DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC)
Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), F36.12; S4.14; S18.2, 8; S25.4; S51
Definitions, of refrigeration terms, R50
Defrosting
Degree-days, F14.12
Dehumidification, A48.15; S24
Dehumidifiers
Dehydration
Demand control kitchen ventilation (DCKV), A34.18
Density
Dental facilities, A9.17
Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1083<\/td>\nDesign-day climatic data, F14.12
Desorption isotherm, F26.20
Desuperheaters
Detection
Dew point, A64.8
Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5
Diesel fuel, F28.9
Diffusers, air, sound control, A49.12
Diffusion
Diffusivity
Dilution
Dining halls, in justice facilities, A10.4
DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR)
Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 11
Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.13
Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
Disabilities, A8.23
Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9
Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.10
Display cases
Display cases, R15.2, 5
District energy (DE). See District heating and cooling (DHC)
District heating and cooling (DHC), S12
d-limonene, F31.12
DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS)
DOAS. See Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS)
Doors
Dormitories
Draft
Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5
Driers, S7.6. (See also Dryers)
Drip station, steam systems, S12.14
Dryers. (See also Driers)
Drying
DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system
Dual-duct systems
Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1
DuBois equation, F9.3
Duct connections, A64.10
Duct design
Ducts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1084<\/td>\nDust mites, F25.16
Dusts, S29.1
Dynamometers, A18.1
Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4
Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A56.1
Economic analysis, A38
Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.2
Economic performance degradation index (EPDI), A63.5
Economics. (See also Costs)
Economizers
ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP)
ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS)
Eddy diffusivity, F6.7
Educational facilities, A8
EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER)
Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.22
Effectiveness-NTU heat exchanger model, F19.19
Efficiency
Eggs, R34
Electricity
Electric thermal storage (ETS), S51.17
Electronic smoking devices (\u201ce-cigarettes\u201d), F11.19
Electrostatic precipitators, S29.7; S30.7
Elevators
Emissions, pollution, F28.9
Emissivity, F4.2
Emittance, thermal, F25.2
Enclosed vehicular facilities, A16
Energy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1085<\/td>\nEnergy and water use and management, A37
Energy efficiency ratio (EER)
Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A38.8
Energy transfer station, S12.37
Engines, S7
Engine test facilities, A18
Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils
Enthalpy
Entropy, F2.1
Environmental control
Environmental control system (ECS), A13
Environmental health, F10
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
EPDI. See Economic performance degradation index (EPDI)
Equipment vibration, A49.44; F8.17
ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF)
ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC)
Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.24
ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS)
Evaluation. See Testing
Evaporation, in tubes
Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
Evaporative cooling, A53
Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid)
Exfiltration, F16.2
Exhaust <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1086<\/td>\nExhibit buildings, temporary, A5.6
Exhibit cases
Exhibition centers, A5.5
Expansion joints and devices
Expansion tanks, S12.10
Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
Fairs, A5.6
Family courts, A10.4. (See also Juvenile detention facilities)
Fan-coil units, S5.6
Fans, F19.18; S21
Farm crops, drying and storing, A26
Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A40.4
f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A36.20
Fenestration. (See also Windows)
Fick\u2019s law, F6.1
Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners)
Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.2, 5
Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25
Fins, F4.6
Fire\/smoke control. See Smoke control
Firearm laboratories, A10.7
Fire management, A54.2
Fireplaces, S34.5
Fire safety
Fish, R19; R32
Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums)
Fittings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1087<\/td>\nFixed-guideway vehicles, A12.7. (See also Mass-transit systems)
Fixture units, A51.1, 28
Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1
Flash tank, steam systems, S11.14
Floors
Flowers, cut
Flowmeters, A39.26; F37.18
Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1
Fluid flow, F3
Food. (See also specific foods)
Food service
Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1
Forensic labs, A10.6
Fouling factor
Foundations
Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A50.15
Fourier\u2019s law, and heat transfer, F25.5
Four-pipe systems, S5.5
Framing, for fenestration
Freeze drying, A31.6
Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems)
Freeze protection systems, A52.19, 20
Freezers
Freezing
Friction, in fluid flow <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1088<\/td>\nFruit juice, R38
Fruits
Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22
Fuels, F28
Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A17.3
Fungi
Furnaces, S33
Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
Garages
Gases
Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas)
Gas vents, S35.1
Gaussian process (GP) models, F19.30
GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP)
Generators
Geothermal energy, A35
Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A35.1
Glaser method, F25.15
Glazing
Global climate change, F36
Global warming potential (GWP), F29.5
Glossary, of refrigeration terms, R50
Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2
Graphical symbols, F38
Green design, and sustainability, F35.1
Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments)
Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4
Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP)
Ground-coupled systems, F19.23
Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A35.1
Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A35.30
GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP)
Guard stations, in justice facilities, A10.5
GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP)
GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP)
Gymnasiums, A5.5; A8.3
HACCP. See Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP)
Halocarbon
Hartford loop, S11.3
Hay, drying, A26.8
Hazard analysis and control, F10.4
Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), R22.4
Hazen-Williams equation, F22.6
HB. See Heat balance (HB)
Health <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1089<\/td>\nHealth care facilities, A9. (See also specific types)
Health effects, mold, A64.1
Heat
Heat and moisture control, F27.1
Heat balance (HB), S9.23
Heat balance method, F19.3
Heat capacity, F25.1
Heat control, F27
Heaters, S34
Heat exchangers, S47
Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer)
Heat flux, F25.1
Heat gain. (See also Load calculations)
Heating
Heating load
Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), S48.6
Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 9, 10
Heat loss. (See also Load calculations) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1090<\/td>\nHeat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.14
Heat pumps
Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery)
Heat storage. See Thermal storage
Heat stress
Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow)
Heat transmission
Heat traps, A51.1
Helium
High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A29.3; S29.6; S30.3
High-rise buildings. See Tall buildings
High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2
High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1091<\/td>\nHomeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
Hoods
Hospitals, A9.3
Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8
Hotels and motels, A7
Hot-gas bypass, R1.35
Houses of worship, A5.3
HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI)
HSPF. See Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF)
HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization
Humidification, S22
Humidifiers, S22
Humidity (See also Moisture)
HVAC security, A61
Hybrid inverse change point model, F19.31
Hybrid ventilation, F19.26
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), R1.1
Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), R1.1
Hydrogen, liquid, R47.3
Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems)
Hygrometers, F7.9; F37.10, 11
Hygrothermal loads, F25.2
Hygrothermal modeling, F25.15; F27.10
IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ)
IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD)
Ice
Ice makers
Ice rinks, A5.5; R44
ID50\u201a mean infectious dose, A61.9
Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2
IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs)
Illuminance, F37.31
Indoor airflow, A59.1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1092<\/td>\nIndoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality)
Indoor environmental modeling, F13
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ), kitchens, A33.20. (See also Air quality)
Indoor swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums)
Induction
Industrial applications
Industrial environments, A15, A32; A33
Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners)
Industrial hygiene, F10.3
Infiltration. (See also Air leakage)
Infrared applications
In-room terminal systems
Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications)
Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.5
Insulation, thermal <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1093<\/td>\nIntegrated building design (IBD), A60.1
Integrated project delivery (IPD), A60.1
Integrated project delivery and building design,
Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.12
Internal heat gains, F19.13
Jacketing, insulation, R10.7
Jails, A10.4
Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6
Judges\u2019 chambers, A10.5
Juice, R38.1
Jury facilities, A10.5
Justice facilities, A10
Juvenile detention facilities, A10.1. (See also Family courts)
K-12 schools, A8.3
Kelvin\u2019s equation, F25.11
Kirchoff\u2019s law, F4.12
Kitchens, A34
Kleemenko cycle, R47.13
Krypton, recovery, R47.18
Laboratories, A17
Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A10.8
Lakes, heat transfer, A35.37
Laminar flow
Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.13
Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F37.17
Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F37.17
Latent energy change materials, S51.2
Laundries
LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR)
LD50\u201a mean lethal dose, A61.9
LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA)
LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV)
LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating
Leakage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1094<\/td>\nLeakage function, relationship, F16.15
Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9
Legionella pneumophila, A50.15; F10.7
Legionnaires\u2019 disease. See Legionella pneumophila
LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES)
Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4
Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A23.3
Lighting
Light measurement, F37.31
LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS)
Linde cycle, R47.6
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5
Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4
Lithium bromide\/water, F30.71
Lithium chloride, S24.2
LNG. See Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
Load calculations
Load collector ratio (LCR), A36.22
Local exhaust. See Exhaust
Loss coefficients
Louvers, F15.33
Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1
LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system
Lubricants, R6.1; R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil)
Lubrication, R12
Mach number, S38.32
Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance)
Makeup air units, S28.8
Malls, 12.7
Manometers, differential pressure readout, A39.25
Manufactured homes, A1.9
Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes)
Mass transfer, F6 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1095<\/td>\nMass-transit systems
McLeod gages, F37.13
Mean infectious dose (ID50), A61.9
Mean lethal dose (LD50), A61.9
Mean temperature difference, F4.22
Measurement, F36. (See also Instruments)
Measurement, F37. (See also Instruments)
Meat, R30
Mechanical equipment room, central
Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8
Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1
Megatall buildings, A4.1
Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4
Metabolic rate, F9.6
Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6
Microbial growth, R22.4
Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.8
Microbiology of foods, R22.1
Microphones, F37.29
Mines, A30
Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling)
Model predictive control (MPC), A65.6
Moist air
Moisture (See also Humidity)
Mold, A64.1; F25.16
Mold-resistant gypsum board, A64.7 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1096<\/td>\nMolecular sieves, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Zeolites)
Montreal Protocol, F29.1
Morgues, A9.1
Motors, S45
Movie theaters, A5.3
MPC (model predictive control), A65.6
MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT)
Multifamily residences, A1.8
Multiple-use complexes
Multisplit unitary equipment, S48.1
Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14
Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs)
Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools)
Natural gas, F28.5
Navier-Stokes equations, F13.2
NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves
Net positive suction head (NPSH), A35.31; R2.9; S44.10
Network airflow models, F19.25
Neutral pressure level (NPL), A4.1
Night setback, recovery, A43.44
Nitrogen
Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound)
Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16
Noncondensable gases
Normalized mean bias error (NMBE), F19.33
NPL. See Neutral pressure level (NPL)
NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH)
NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU)
Nuclear facilities, A29
Number of transfer units (NTU)
Nursing facilities, A9.17
Nuts, storage, R42.7
Odors, F12
ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP)
Office buildings
Oil, fuel, F28.7
Oil. (See also Lubricants)
Olf unit, F12.6
One-pipe systems
Operating costs, A38.4
Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance)
OPR. See Owner\u2019s project requirements (OPR)
Optimization, A43.4 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1097<\/td>\nOutdoor air, free cooling (See also Ventilation)
Outpatient health care facilities, A9.16
Owning costs, A38.1
Oxygen
Ozone
Ozone depletion potential (ODP), F29.5
PACE. (See Property assessment for clean energy)
Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S49.5
Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S49.5
PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Paint, and moisture problems, F25.16
Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling)
Paper
Paper products facilities, A27
Parallel compressor systems, R15.14
Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.5
Passive heating, F19.27
Pasteurization, R33.2
Peak dew point, A64.10
Peanuts, drying, A26.9
PEC systems. See Personal environmental control (PEC) systems
PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL)
Performance contracting, A42.2
Performance monitoring, A48.6
Permafrost stabilization, R45.4
Permeability
Permeance
Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.5
Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.26
Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11
Pharmacies, A9.13
Phase-change materials, thermal storage in, S51.16, 27
Photographic materials, A23
Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy)
Physical properties of materials, F33
Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort)
Pigs. See Swine
Pipes. (See also Piping)
Piping. (See also Pipes) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1098<\/td>\nPitot tubes, A39.2; F37.17
Places of assembly, A5
Planes. See Aircraft
Plank\u2019s equation, R20.7
Plant environments, A25.10
Plenums
PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV)
Police stations, A10.1
Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction
Pollution
Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.9, 17
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6
Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.12
Ponds, spray, S40.6
Pope cell, F37.12
Positive building pressure, A64.11
Positive positioners, F7.8
Potatoes
Poultry. (See also Animal environments)
Power grid, A63.9
Power-law airflow model, F13.14
Power plants, A28
PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD)
Prandtl number, F4.17
Precooling
Predicted mean vote (PMV), F37.32
Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18
Preschools, A8.1
Pressure
Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation)
Primary-air systems, S5.10
Printing plants, A21 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1099<\/td>\nPrisons, A10.4
Produce
Product load, R15.6
Propane
Property assessment for clean energy (PACE), A38.9
Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.24
Psychrometers, F1.13
Psychrometrics, F1
PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs)
PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs)
Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly
Pumps
Pumps, F19.18
Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11
PV systems. See Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Solar energy
Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling)
Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 22
Radiation
Radiators, S36.1, 5
Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.21
Radiosity method, F19.26
Radon, F10.16, 22
Rail cars, R25. (See also Cargo containers)
Railroad tunnels, ventilation
Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4
RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation
Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems
Rayleigh number, F4.20
Ray tracing method, F19.27
RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves
Receivers
Recycling refrigerants, R9.3
Refrigerant\/absorbent pairs, F2.15
Refrigerant control devices, R11 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1100<\/td>\nRefrigerants, F29.1
Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11
Refrigerated facilities, R23
Refrigeration, F1.16. (See also Absorption; Adsorption) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1101<\/td>\nRefrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants)
Refrigerators
Regulators. (See also Valves)
Relative humidity, F1.12
Residential health care facilities, A9.17
Residential systems, A1
Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values)
Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F37.6
Resistivity, thermal, F25.1
Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2
Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17
Restaurants
Retail facilities, 12
Retrofit performance monitoring, A42.4
Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, S7.9
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.13
Reynolds number, F3.3
Rice, drying, A26.9
RMS. See Root mean square (RMS)
Road tunnels, A16.3
Roofs, U-factors, F27.2
Room air distribution, A58; S20.1
Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16
Root mean square (RMS), F37.1
RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs)
RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS)
RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU)
RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF)
Rusting, of building components, F25.16
R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal)
Safety
Sanitation
Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), A38.12
Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A38.12
Scale
Schneider system, R23.7
Schools
Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)
Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1102<\/td>\nSeeds, storage, A26.12
SEER. See Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)
Seismic restraint, A49.53; A56.1
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.15
Sensors
Separators, lubricant, R11.23
Service water heating, A51
SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program
Set points, A65.1
Shading
Ships, A13
Shooting ranges, indoor, A10.8
Short-tube restrictors, R11.31
Silica gel, S24.1, 4, 6, 12
Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.11
SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR)
Skating rinks, R44.1
Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.21
Slab heating, A52
Slab-on-grade foundations, A45.11
SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR)
Smart building systems, A63.1
Smart grid, A63.9, 11
Smoke control, A54
Snow-melting systems, A52
Snubbers, seismic, A56.8
Sodium chloride brines, F31.1
Soft drinks, R39.10
Software, A65.7
Soils. (See also Earth)
Solar energy, A36; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1103<\/td>\nSolar heat gain, F15.14; F18.16
Solar-load ratio (SLR), A36.22
Solar-optical glazing, F15.14
Solar radiation, F14.8; F15.14
Solid fuel
Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A31.7
Soot, F28.20
Sorbents, F32.1
Sorption isotherm, F25.10; F26.20
Sound, F8. (See also Noise)
Soybeans, drying, A26.7
Specific heat
Split-flux method, F19.26
Spot cooling
Stack effect
Stadiums, A5.4
Stairwells
Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1
Standards, A66. (See also Codes)
Static air mixers, S4.8
Static electricity and humidity, S22.2 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1104<\/td>\nSteam
Steam systems, S11
Steam traps, S11.7
Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12
Stevens\u2019 law, F12.3
Stirling cycle, R47.14
Stokers, S31.17
Storage
Stoves, heating, S34.5
Stratification
Stroboscopes, F37.28
Subcoolers
Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A16.3
Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems)
Suction risers, R2.24
Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.9
Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5
Supermarkets. See Retail facilities, supermarkets
Supertall buildings, A4.1
Supervisory control, A43
Supply air outlets, S20.2. (See also Air outlets)
Surface effect. See Coanda effect
Surface transportation
Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A35.3
Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S48.2
SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs)
SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs)
SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP)
Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums)
Swine, recommended environment, A25.7
Symbols, F38
Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.6
TABS. See Thermally activated building systems (TABS) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1105<\/td>\nTachometers, F37.28
Tall buildings, A4
Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2
TDD. See Tubular daylighting devices
Telecomunication facilities, air-conditioning systems, A20.1
Temperature
Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1
Temperature index, S22.3
Terminal units. [See also Air terminal units (ATUs)], A48.13, F19.16; S20.7
Terminology, of refrigeration, R50
Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES)
Testing
Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing)
TETD\/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD\/TA)
TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI)
Textile processing plants, A22
TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM)
Theaters, A5.3
Thermal bridges, F25.8
Thermal comfort. See Comfort
Thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), F19.17
Thermal emittance, F25.2
Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.6; S51 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1106<\/td>\nThermally activated building systems (TABS), A43.3, 34
Thermal-network method, F19.11
Thermal properties, F26.1
Thermal resistivity, F25.1
Thermal storage,
Thermal storage. See Thermal energy storage (TES) S51
Thermal transmission data, F26
Thermal zones, F19.14
Thermistors, R11.4
Thermodynamics, F2.1
Thermometers, F37.5
Thermopile, F7.4; F37.9; R45.4
Thermosiphons
Thermostats
Three-dimensional (3D) printers, F11.18
Three-pipe distribution, S5.6
Tobacco smoke
Tollbooths
Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD\/TA), F18.57
Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), F29.5
Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers)
Transducers, F7.10, 13
Transfer function method (TFM); F18.57; F19.3
Transmittance, thermal, F25.2
Transmitters, F7.9, 10
Transpiration, R19.19
Transportation centers
Transport properties of refrigerants, F30
Traps
Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers)
Tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), F15.30
Tuning automatic control systems, F7.19
Tunnels, vehicular, A16.1
Turbines, S7
Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34
Turbulence modeling, F13.3
Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3
Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4
Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.18
Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.20
U.S. Marshal spaces, A10.6
U-factor
Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3
Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1107<\/td>\nUltraviolet air and surface treatment, A62
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A60.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems]
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A62.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems]
Uncertainty analysis
Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.6; A58.14; F19.17
Unitary systems, S48
Unit heaters. See Heaters
Units and conversions, F39
Unit ventilators, S28.1
Utility interface, electric, S7.43
Utility rates, A63.11
UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems
UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI)
Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9
Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17
Valves. (See also Regulators)
Vaporization systems, S8.6
Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2
Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12
Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems
Variable-frequency drives, S45.14
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S48.1, 14
Variable-speed drives. See Variable-frequency drives S51
VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems
Vegetables, R37
Vehicles
Vena contracta, F3.4
Vending machines, R16.5
Ventilation, F16 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1108<\/td>\nVentilators
Venting
Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17
Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11
Vibration, F8.17
Viral pathogens, F10.9
Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A30.3
Viscosity, F3.1
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11
Voltage, A57.1
Volume ratio, compressors
VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT)
Walls
Warehouses, A3.8
Water
Water heaters
Water horsepower, pump, S44.7
Water\/lithium bromide absorption
Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S48.11
Water systems, S13 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1109<\/td>\nWater treatment, A50
Water use and management (See Energy and water use and management)
Water vapor control, A45.6
Water vapor permeance\/permeability, F26.12, 17, 18
Water vapor retarders, F26.6
Water wells, A35.30
Weather data, F14
Weatherization, F16.18
Welding sheet metal, S19.12
Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A32.5
Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9
Whirlpools and spas
Wien\u2019s displacement law, F4.12
Wind. (See also Climatic design information; Weather data)
Wind chill index, F9.23
Windows. (See also Fenestration)
Wind restraint design, A56.15
Wineries
Wireless sensors, A63.7
Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10
Wood products facilities, A27.1
Wood pulp, A27.2
Wood stoves, S34.5
WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP)
Xenon, R47.18
Zeolites, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Molecular sieves) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals (S-I)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ASHRAE<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2021<\/td>\n265<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":407272,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2719],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-407267","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-ashrae","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/407267","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/407272"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=407267"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=407267"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=407267"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}