This Published Document is intended to provide guidance to designers, regulators and fire safety professionals on the engineering methods available for the evaluation of life safety aspects of a fire safety engineering design in relation to escape and tenability strategies.<\/p>\n
The objective of the fire safety engineering strategy is to ensure exposure to the effects of fire does not impede the safe escape of occupants or cause exposure to conditions leading to adverse health effects.<\/p>\n
Guidance is presented regarding the evaluation and management of occupant behaviour during a fire emergency and for the evaluation of occupant condition related to exposure to fire effluent and heat.<\/p>\n
This Published Document addresses the parameters that underlie the basic principles of designing for life safety and provides guidance on the processes, assessments and calculations necessary to determine the location and condition of the occupants of the building, with respect to time. This is achieved using the information presented on the evaluation, quantification and management of occupant behaviour, particularly escape behaviour, during a fire emergency.<\/p>\n
This Published Document also provides a framework for reviewing the suitability of an engineering method for assessing the life safety potential of a building for its occupants.<\/p>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6<\/td>\n | Foreword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | 1 Scope <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 12<\/td>\n | 2 Normative references 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | 4 Principles 4.1 How behaviour, movement and condition are integrated into performance\u2011based design 4.2 The basis of performance-based design <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | 4.3 ASET calculations 4.4 RSET calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | Figure 1 \u2014 Simplified schematic of processes involved in escape time compared to available safe escape time (ASET) 4.5 Effects of fire detection and activation of fire protection systems on ASET and RSET calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | 4.6 Evacuation strategies 4.7 Margin of safety and accounting for uncertainties <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | 4.8 Elements used in quantification of RSET <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 5 Design behavioural scenarios for quantification of RSET pre-travel and travel times 5.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | Table 1 \u2014 Design behavioural scenarios and occupancy types <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | 5.2 Major behavioural modifiers in each scenario category <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | 6 Estimation of pre-travel times based on design behavioural scenario <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | 7 Estimation of travel times <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | 8 Interactions between pre-travel time, walking time and exit flow time for evacuation time calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | 9 Calculation of escape and evacuation times for single enclosures and for multi\u2011storey or multi\u2011enclosure buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | 10 Occupant condition 10.1 Effects of fire effluent and heat on ASET and RSET <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | 10.2 Simple criteria for tenability based upon zero smoke exposure and tolerable heat exposure 10.3 Simple criteria for tenability based on minimal exposure to smoke and heat <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | 10.4 Tenability in relation to exposure to smoke: willingness to enter or ability to move through smoke 10.5 Willingness to enter or move through smoke <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | 10.6 Ability to move through smoke 10.7 Effects of smoke on walking speed 10.8 Effects of seeing flames and of tenability criteria for exposure to fire and heat <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | Table 2 \u2014 Radiant heat exposure dose limits for different endpoints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | 10.9 Tenability criteria for toxic gases <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | 11 Application of computer evacuation models to calculation of escape times 11.1 General 11.2 Fire \u2013 escape interactions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | 11.3 Time to alarm warnings 11.4 Representation of built system features in the model 11.5 Representation of occupants and occupant characteristics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | 11.6 Representation of group behaviours during set up and evacuation \u2013 calculation of travel time and evacuation time 11.7 Representation of distributions of possible outcomes for repeat runs 11.8 Overall assessment 12 Summary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | Annex A Guidance on the evaluation of detection and warning times <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | Annex B Pre-travel behaviours and determinants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 55<\/td>\n | Annex C Detailed information required for ASET and RSET calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 58<\/td>\n | Annex D Features of design behavioural scenario categories for derivation of RSET variables <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | Annex E Pre-travel time distribution data and derivations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 64<\/td>\n | Figure E.1 \u2014 Representation of pre-travel time distributions and effects of different levels of fire safety management <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 65<\/td>\n | Figure E.2 \u2014 Some examples of measured pre-travel time <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 66<\/td>\n | Table E.1 \u2014 Pre-travel times derived from actual fires and evacuation exercises reported in the referenced literature (in minutes) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 70<\/td>\n | Table E.2 \u2014 Suggested pre-travel times for different design behavioural scenario categories (minutes) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 73<\/td>\n | Annex F Guidance on travel distances and occupant densities <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 74<\/td>\n | Figure F.1 \u2014 Generic retail enclosure <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 75<\/td>\n | Figure F.2 \u2014 Distributions of travel distances to nearest exit for a randomly dispersed population in the enclosure shown in Figure F.1 with and without obstructions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 76<\/td>\n | Annex G Guidance on travel speeds and flow rates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 78<\/td>\n | Figure G.1 \u2014 Effective width for a stair (see Pauls, 2003 [17]) Table G.1 \u2014 Boundary layer widths <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 79<\/td>\n | Table G.2 \u2014 Constants for Equation (G.1) (effects of density on travel speed), maximum unimpeded travel speeds (m\/s) and flow rates (persons\/s\/m of effective width) for horizontal and stair travel <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 80<\/td>\n | Table G.3 \u2014 Summary of maximum flow rates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 81<\/td>\n | Table G.4 \u2014 Maximum flow capacities (from ADB [1]) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 85<\/td>\n | Table G.5 \u2014 Travel speeds reported in the referenced literature \u2013 Where density was reportedly not a factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 87<\/td>\n | Table G.6 \u2014 Travel speeds reported in the referenced literature \u2013 Where density was a factor <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 88<\/td>\n | Annex H Example of interactions calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 89<\/td>\n | Figure H.1 \u2014 Distribution of pre\u2011travel, walking and presentation times of randomly dispersed occupants of retail enclosure shown in Figure F.1 using Sprucefield pre\u2011travel time distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 90<\/td>\n | Figure H.2 \u2014 Phases of evacuation times for different populations in a square prescriptively designed retail enclosure with an area of 18 000 m2 calculated using GridFlow with the Sprucefield pre-travel time distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 91<\/td>\n | Table H.1 \u2014 99th percentile evacuation time predictions using three methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 92<\/td>\n | Annex I Effects of smoke on walking speed and proposed tenability endpoints for smoke, toxic gases and heat <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 93<\/td>\n | Figure I.1 \u2014 Walking speeds in non-irritant and irritant smoke <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 94<\/td>\n | Table I.1 \u2014 Smoke tenability limits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 95<\/td>\n | Table I.2 \u2014 Values for VE and DCO for input to Equations (I.4) and (I.6) depending on activity level <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 96<\/td>\n | Table I.3 \u2014 Proposed design tenability limit exposure concentrations for asphyxiant gases expressed as carbon monoxide for 5 min and 30 min exposures Table I.4 \u2014 Tenability limits for radiative and convective heat <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 97<\/td>\n | Table I.5 \u2014 Illustration of an ASET FED analysis for the first 6 min of a furniture fire based on a single armchair room burn <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 98<\/td>\n | Figure I.2 \u2014 Plots of the FED analysis calculated in Table I.5 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 99<\/td>\n | Figure I.3 \u2014 Estimated radiant heat flux (kW\/m2) to subject with walking time(s) for two flame sizes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 100<\/td>\n | Figure I.4 \u2014 FED for pain to exposed skin for subject walking past the flames in Figure I.2 Annex J Generic worked examples for a number of design behavioural scenarios <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 102<\/td>\n | Table J.1 \u2014 Escape time calculation for low occupant density level 1 office <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 103<\/td>\n | Table J.2 \u2014 Escape time calculation for high occupant density level 1 office Table J.3 \u2014 Escape time calculation for low occupant density level 2 office Table J.4 \u2014 Escape time calculation for high occupant density level 2 office <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 104<\/td>\n | Table J.5 \u2014 Escape time calculation for low occupant density level 3 office <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 106<\/td>\n | Table J.6 \u2014 Escape time calculation for high occupant density level 1 retail <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 107<\/td>\n | Table J.7 \u2014 Escape time calculation for high occupant density level 2 retail Table J.8 \u2014 Escape time calculation for level 3 retail <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 112<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings – Human factors. Life safety strategies. Occupant evacuation, behaviour and condition (Sub-system 6)<\/b><\/p>\n |