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BSI PD CEN/TR 16749:2014

BSI PD CEN/TR 16749:2014

$167.15

Aluminium and aluminium alloys. Classification of Defects and Imperfections in High Pressure, Low Pressure and Gravity Die Cast Products

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2014 44
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This Technical Report specifies the classification of the defects and imperfections may be present in cast products manufactured by high pressure, low pressure and gravity die casting of aluminium alloys.

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PDF Pages PDF Title
7 Foreword
8 1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
10 4 Classification of defects and imperfections in high pressure, low pressure and gravity die cast products
4.1 General
11 4.2 Classification
Table 1 — Classification of internal defects and imperfections
12 Table 2 — Classification of surface defects and imperfections
Table 3 — Classification of geometrical defects and imperfections
5 Definition of defects and imperfections
5.1 General
13 5.2 Shrinkage defects and imperfections
5.3 Gas-related defects and imperfections
14 5.4 Filling-related defects and imperfections
5.5 Undesired phases
5.6 Thermal contraction defects and imperfections
15 5.7 Metal-die interaction defects and imperfections
5.8 Geometrical defects and imperfections
16 Annex A (informative) Description of defects and imperfections in High Pressure, Low Pressure and Gravity Die Cast Products
A.1 Internal defects and imperfections
A.1.1 Shrinkage defects and imperfections
A.1.1.1 Macro-shrinkage (Type A1.1)
Figure A.1 — Macrograph of macro-shrinkage
A.1.1.2 Interdendritic shrinkage (Type A1.2)
17 Figure A.2 — Metal flow around dendrites
A.1.1.3 Layer porosity (Type A1.3)
18 Figure A.3 — Formation of layer porosity
A.1.2 Gas-related defects and imperfections
A.1.2.1 Air entrapment porosity (Type A2.1)
19 Figure A.4 — Entrapped air porosity in the casting
A.1.2.2 Hydrogen porosity (Type A2.2)
Figure A.5 — Entrapped air porosity in the casting
20 A.1.2.3 Vapor entrapment porosity (Type A2.3)
Figure A.6 — Schematics of vapor entrapment porosity
A.1.2.4 Lubricant/release agent entrapment porosity (Type A2.4)
21 Figure A.7 — Schematics of lubricant entrapment porosity
A.1.3 Filling-related defects and imperfections
A.1.3.1 Cold joint (Type A3.1)
Figure A.8 — Micrograph of a cold joint
22 A.1.3.2 Lamination (Type A3.2)
Figure A.9 — Schematics of a lamination
A.1.3.3 Cold shot (Type A3.3)
23 Figure A.10 — Micrograph of a cold shot
A.1.4 Undesired phases
A.1.4.1 Inclusion (Type A4.1)
Figure A.11 — Image of aluminium oxide
A.1.4.2 Undesired structure (Type A4.2)
24 Figure A.12 — Micrograph of a region with large dendrites
A.1.5 Thermal contraction defects and imperfections
A.1.5.1 Cold crack (Type A5.1)
25 Figure A.13 — Schematics of a cold crack formation
A.1.5.2 Hot tear, hot crack (Type A5.2)
Figure A.14 — Micrograph of a hot crack
26 A.2 Surface defects and imperfections
A.2.1 Shrinkage defects and imperfections
A.2.1.1 Sink (Type B1.1)
Figure A.15 — External surface of a sink
27 A.2.2 Gas-related defects and imperfections
A.2.2.1 Blister (Type B2.1)
Figure A.16 — Example of blisters
A.2.2.2 Pinhole (Type B2.2)
28 Figure A.17 — Example of pinholes
A.2.3 Filling-related defects and imperfections
A.2.3.1 Cold joint and vortex (Type B3.1)
Figure A.18 — Macrograph showing a vortex
29 A.2.3.2 Lamination (Type B3.2)
Figure A.19 — Surface lamination
A.2.3.3 Cold shot (Type B3.3)
30 Figure A.20 — Macrograph of a surface cold shot
A.2.4 Undesired phases
A.2.4.1 Surface deposit (Type B4.1)
Figure A.21 — Macrograph of a deposit
A.2.4.2 Contaminant or inclusion (Type B4.2)
31 Figure A.22 — Macrograph of a contaminant
A.2.5 Thermal contraction defects and imperfections
A.2.5.1 Cold crack (Type B5.1)
32 Figure A.23 — Image of a crack
A.2.5.2 Hot tear, hot crack (Type B5.2)
Figure A.24 — Macrograph of a hot crack
A.2.6 Metal/die interaction defects and imperfections
A.2.6.1 Erosion (Type B6.1)
33 Figure A.25 — Image of a casting defect/imperfection caused by die-erosion
A.2.6.2 Soldering (Type B6.2)
Figure A.26 — Example of soldering effects on the die
A.2.6.3 Thermal fatigue marks (Type B6.3)
34 Figure A.27 — A casting defect/imperfection caused by the presence of thermal fatigue cracks on the die
A.2.6.4 Ejection mark (Type B6.4)
Figure A.28 — Image of an ejection mark
A.2.6.5 Corrosion of the die (Type B6.5)
35 Figure A.29 — Image of a casting obtained with a corroded die
A.3 Geometry defects and imperfections
A.3.1 Lack of material – Incompleteness (Type C1.1)
Figure A.30 — Example of incomplete casting
A.3.2 Excess of material – Flash (Type C2.1)
36 Figure A.31 — Example of flash
A.3.3 Out of tolerance – Deformation (Type C3.1)
Figure A.32 — Schematics of out of tolerances castings
37 Annex B (informative) Translations of defects and imperfections terminology
Table B.1 — Translations of defects and imperfections terminology
39 Annex C (informative) Examples of detection techniques and size of defects and imperfections
Table C.1 — Examples of detection techniques and size of defects and imperfections
41 Bibliography

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$167.15